【正文】 since 和 for Since 用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間， for 用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長度 。 I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born.. My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949. Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976. I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl. 注意：并非有 for 作為時(shí)間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。 ) I have worked here for many years. (現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。 ) 小竅門： 當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) +一段時(shí)間，這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，我們用下面的公式轉(zhuǎn)化，很容易就能排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中的誤使。 1) (對 ) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2) (錯(cuò) ) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 顯然，第二句不對，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. 13 since 的四種用法 1) since +過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn) (如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、 1980, last month, half past six)。 I have been here since 1989. 2) since +一段時(shí)間 + ago I have been here since five months ago. 3) since +從句 Great changes have taken place since you left. Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here. 4) It is +一段時(shí)間 + since 從句 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 14 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞 1) 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié) 果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語連用。 He has pleted the work. 他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。 (表結(jié)果 ) I39。ve known him since then. 我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識他了。 (表經(jīng)歷 ) 2) 用于 till / until 從句的差異 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示 做??直到?? 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示 到 ??， 16 才?? He didn39。t e back until ten o39。clock. 他到 10 點(diǎn)才回來。 He slept until ten o39。clock. 他一直睡到 10 點(diǎn)。 典型例題 1. You don39。t need to describe her. I ___ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 答案 B. 首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次， several times 告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 39。m sorry to keep you waiting. Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案 A. 等待的動(dòng)作由過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 15 過去完成時(shí) 1） 概念：表示過去的過去 |||其構(gòu)成是 had +過去分詞構(gòu)成。 那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在 2） 用法 a. 在 told, said, knew, heard, thought 等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. b. 狀語從句 在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時(shí)。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用過去完成時(shí)表示 原本?，未能? We had hoped that you would e, but you didn39。t. 3) 過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語 before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 典型例題 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office. A. had written, left B， were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left 答案 D. 把書忘在辦公室 發(fā)生在 去取書 這一過去的動(dòng)作之前，因此 忘了書 這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去的過去，用過去完成時(shí)。句中 when 表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)，表示在 同學(xué)們正忙于?? 這一背景下， when 所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此 前一句應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 注意： had no ? when 還沒等?? 就?? had no sooner? than 剛?? 就?? He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 16 用一般過去時(shí)代替完成時(shí) 17 1) 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或 用 then， and， but 等連詞時(shí)，多用一般過去時(shí)。 When she saw the mouse， she screamed. My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 2 ) 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過去時(shí)；如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成，用過去完成時(shí)。 When I heard the news, I was very excited. 3) 敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過去時(shí)。 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 17 將來完成時(shí) 1) 構(gòu)成 will / be going to do sth. 2) 概念 a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。 b. 動(dòng)作完成：表示將來某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來的動(dòng)作之前，已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或一獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 They will have been married for 20 years by then. You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 18 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法： a. 表示現(xiàn)在 ( 指說話人說話時(shí) ) 正在發(fā)生的事情。 We are waiting for you. b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。 Mr. Green is writing another novel. (說話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。 ) She is learning piano under Mr. Smith. c. 表示漸變的動(dòng)詞有： get, grow, bee, turn, run, go, begin 等。 The leaves are turning red. It39。s getting warmer and warmer. d. 與 always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。 You are always changing your mind. 典型例題 My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it. A. has lost, don39。t find B. is missing, don39。t find C. has lost, haven39。t found D. is missing, haven39。t found. 答案 D. 前句是一個(gè)仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí)，由于沒有找到，其影響仍然存在，應(yīng)用完成時(shí)，瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定式時(shí)可用于完成時(shí)。 19 不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞 1) 事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞 have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue I have two brothers. This house belongs to my sister. 2) 心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞 Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, fet, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate I need your help. 18 He loves her very much. 3 ) 瞬間動(dòng)詞 accept, receive, plete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse. I accept your advice. 4) 系動(dòng)詞 seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, bee, turn You seem a little tired. 20 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 1） 概念：表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。 2） 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個(gè)長動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。 3) 常用的時(shí)間狀語 this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. It was raining when they left the station. When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 典型例題 1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 答案 C. 割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情，應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。同 時(shí)， when 表時(shí)間的同時(shí)性， 瑪麗在做衣服時(shí) 提供事情發(fā)生的背景，因此用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep. read； was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read； fell