【正文】 　 He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.c)先行詞為序數(shù)詞(the last)、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時(shí)，只用that。The first English book that I read was The Prince and the Pauper by Mark Twin.d)先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.e)當(dāng)主句是以who 或which 開始的特殊疑問句時(shí)，用that 以避免重復(fù)。Who is the person that is standing at the gate.f)關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語He is not the man that he used to be.2 、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。關(guān)系副詞when, where, why, how的含義相當(dāng)于介詞+ which結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和介詞+ which結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用，例如：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.　Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.　　Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?　 I39。m surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem.注意：①在非限制性定語從句中，介詞+ which結(jié)構(gòu)不能代替關(guān)系副詞。如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.②含有介詞短語的動(dòng)詞一般不能拆開，介詞仍放在動(dòng)詞后面。Is this the book which (that) she was looking for?名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞 /形容詞最高級 + 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.There are fiftyfive students in our class , all of whom are working hard.There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.as, which 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的差別由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。As we know, smoking is harmful to one39。s health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.　　as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有“正如”的意思。As is know, smoking is harmful to one39。s health.用法區(qū)別：(1) as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首，而which不可。As we all know, he never smokes.(2) as 代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中作主語時(shí)，從句中的謂語必須是系動(dòng)詞；若為行為動(dòng)詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which。(3)非限定性定語從句中出現(xiàn)expect, think, suppose 等表示猜測、想象、預(yù)料等時(shí)。She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.(4)As 的用法 the same… as。 such…as 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和……一樣……。I should like to use the same tool as is used here.We should have such a dictionary as he is using. 第五章 名詞性從句在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(Noun Clauses）。 名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。一． 主語從句　　主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1. It 作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那場電影真可惜。 b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.　我對你成功與否不感興趣 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.　謀殺案是在早上發(fā)生的。（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）d) It is John that broke the window.　是John打碎的窗戶。（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）2. 用it 作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)(1) It is ＋ 名詞 ＋ 從句 It is a fact that … 事實(shí)是… It is an honor that …非常榮幸 It is mon knowledge that …是常識(2) It is ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 從句 It is natural that… 很自然… It is strange that… 奇怪的是…(3) It is ＋ 不及物動(dòng)詞 ＋ 從句 It seems that… 似乎… It happened that… 碰巧… It appears that… 似乎…(4) It ＋ 過去分詞 ＋ 從句 It is reported that… 據(jù)報(bào)道… It has been proved that… 已證實(shí)… It is said that… 據(jù)說…3. 主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況：（1）if 引導(dǎo)的主語從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。（2）It is said /reported…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如： 正確表達(dá)：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. 錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如： 正確表達(dá)：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如： 正確表達(dá)：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. 錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. （5）含主語從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時(shí)，主語從句不可提前。例如： 正確表達(dá)：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Is that will rain in the evening likely?4. what 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)的區(qū)別 what 引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)在句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如主語．賓語．表語，而that 則不然。例如： a) What you said yesterday is right. b) That she is still alive is a consolation 二．賓語從句賓語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語動(dòng)詞 (及物動(dòng)詞) 或介詞之后。1. 作動(dòng)詞的賓語(1) 由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句(that 通?？梢允÷?, 例如： I heard that be joined the army. 我聽說他參軍了。(2) 由what, whether (if) 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，例如： a) She did not know what had happened.　她不知道發(fā)生了什么b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.　我想知道你是否能幫我改一下筆記。(3) 動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語＋賓語從句。例如： She told me that she would accept my invitation.　她對我說她會(huì)接受我的邀請。2. 作介詞的賓語，例如： Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.　我們的成功取決于我們之間的合作。3. 作形容詞的賓語，例如： I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.　我恐怕我已經(jīng)犯了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。注意：that 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語從句。4. it 可以作為形式賓語 it 不僅可以作為形式主語，還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中。 例如： We heard it that she would get married next month. 我聽說她下個(gè)朋就會(huì)結(jié)婚了。5. 后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動(dòng)詞 這類動(dòng)詞有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語，但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。如： 正確表達(dá)：I admire their winning the match. 錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：I admire that they won the match.6. 不可用that從句作直接賓語的動(dòng)詞 有些動(dòng)詞不可用于“動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語＋that從句“結(jié)構(gòu)中，常見的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等例如： 正確表達(dá)：He impressed the manager as an honest man. 錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7. 否定的轉(zhuǎn)移 若主句謂語動(dòng)詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess,imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。例如： I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿。三. 表語從句表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語的名詞性從句，放在系動(dòng)詞之后，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語＋連系動(dòng)詞＋表語從句”?？梢越颖碚Z從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導(dǎo)表語從句的that?？墒÷?。另外，常用的還有the reason is that… 和It is because 等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：1) The question is whether we can make goo