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多相催化理論 ?固態(tài)催化劑與反應(yīng)體系形成非均勻體系 ?固態(tài)催化劑的催化作用 是其表面吸附了反應(yīng)物,使反應(yīng)物分子的 取向 有利于增大有效碰撞數(shù),從而有利化學(xué)反應(yīng)。改變了整個(gè)反應(yīng)途徑 表面 結(jié)構(gòu)不規(guī)則 性和 化合價(jià)力不飽和 ,具有吸附別的分子的作用,同時(shí)被吸附分子化學(xué)鍵松弛,舊鍵易于斷裂,降低 Ea 活化中心 ?固態(tài)催化劑易于吸附反應(yīng)物的表面稱為活化中心 ?它僅占全部表面積的極小部分,但催化效率很高 ?使用前一般要活化 ?同一催化劑對(duì)不同化學(xué)反應(yīng),其活化中心不同 生物催化劑 —— 酶 ?在生物體內(nèi),不停地進(jìn)行著各種復(fù)雜的化學(xué)反應(yīng)。以維持生物體正常的生理需要。這些化學(xué)反應(yīng)的發(fā)生,全都需要各自獨(dú)特的物質(zhì)進(jìn)行催化,這些物質(zhì)被稱為 —— 酶 ?底物:被酶所催化的物質(zhì) 酶的特征 ?僅在一定的 pH范圍及一定的溫度范圍內(nèi)才能有效地發(fā)揮作用。 ?具有極高的特異性,通常,一種酶只催化一種化學(xué)反應(yīng)。 ?催化效率很高。 ?關(guān)于酶的作用特點(diǎn),將來在生物化學(xué)要詳細(xì)的介紹。 思考題 ?一、判斷題 ,分子的碰撞頻率增加,所以反應(yīng)速率加快。 ( ) 2. 質(zhì)量作用定律適用于任何類型的化學(xué)反應(yīng)。 ( ) 3. 已知反應(yīng) 2A+B?? 產(chǎn)物的速率方程式為 ,故此反應(yīng)為元反應(yīng)。 ( ) 4. 一般情況下,不論反應(yīng)是放熱還是吸熱,溫度升高,反應(yīng)速率都增大。 ( ) BA cc ?? 2ν k二、選擇題 1. 反應(yīng) 2A + B?C的速率方程式為 ,則速率常數(shù) k的量綱為 ( ) A. (濃度 )?(時(shí)間 ) B. (濃度 )1?(時(shí)間 )1 C. (濃度 )2?(時(shí)間 )1 D. (濃度 )2?(時(shí)間 )1 E. (濃度 )3?(時(shí)間 )1 2. 某反應(yīng) 2A +B ?C,實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)得其速率方程為 ?=kcA?cB,由此可見該反應(yīng)為 ( ) A. 三分子反應(yīng)也是三級(jí)反應(yīng) C. 一級(jí)反應(yīng) ,三級(jí)反應(yīng) E. 三分子反應(yīng),二級(jí)反應(yīng) BA CC ?? 2ν k3. 某一級(jí)反應(yīng)的半衰期為 ,則該反應(yīng)的速率常數(shù)是 ( ) A. B. C. D. E. 4. 已知反應(yīng) 2A+B?產(chǎn)物 ,則其速率方程式 ( ) A. B. ? = kcA?cB C. D. E. 無法確定 5. 有兩個(gè)平行反應(yīng) A?? B和 A?? C,如果要提高 B的產(chǎn)率,降低 C的產(chǎn)率,較好的方法是 ( ) A. 增加 A的濃度 B. 控制反應(yīng)溫度 C. 選擇某種催化劑 D. 降低 A的濃度 E. 控制反應(yīng)時(shí)間 BA cc ?? 2k?2Bck??三、填空題 ?1. 實(shí)驗(yàn)表明:在一定溫度范圍內(nèi),反應(yīng) 2 NO + Cl2?? 2NOCl為元反應(yīng),則該反應(yīng)的速率方程為 ______,該反應(yīng)的級(jí)數(shù)為________,若其他條件不變,將 NO的濃度增加到原來的 3倍,則反應(yīng)速率為原速率的 ________。 ?2. 反應(yīng)速率常數(shù) k是一個(gè)與 ______無關(guān),而與 _____有關(guān)的數(shù)。 ?3. 某反應(yīng)速率常數(shù) k = ?103s1,則此反應(yīng)為 ______級(jí)反應(yīng),以 ______對(duì) _______作圖得一直線,直線的斜率為 _______。 ?4. 催化劑能加快反應(yīng)速率的機(jī)制為_______。 第五節(jié) 催化劑對(duì)化學(xué)反應(yīng)速率的影響 ?一、催化劑 catalyst與催化作用 catalysis ?催化劑是能改變化學(xué)反應(yīng)的化學(xué)反應(yīng)速率、在反應(yīng)前后該物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量和化學(xué)組成不變的物質(zhì) ?因催化劑存在而改變反應(yīng)速率的現(xiàn)象稱為催化作用 Catalyst Catalyst is a substance that changes the speed of a chemical reaction without undergoing a permanent chemical change itself in the process . CH3CHO→CH4+CO Without catalyst: Ea = 190 KJmol1, With catalyst (I2): Ea = 136 KJmol1, practical process: CH3CHO+I2→CH3I+HI+CO ( slow, Ea = 136 KJmol1) CH3I+HI→CH4+I2 ( quick) (1) H2SO4 preparation : SO2+O2 →2SO3, Catalyst: V2O5, (2) MnO4+H++C2O42→Mn2++H2O+CO2 ( Autocatalytic reaction) 催化作用理論 均相催化理論 多相催化理論 Catalysis theory Homogeneous catalysis theory Heterogeneous catalysis theory 均相催化理論要點(diǎn) ?也叫中間產(chǎn)物學(xué)說 ?催化劑與反應(yīng)體系形成均勻體系。 ?催化劑參與了化學(xué)反應(yīng),與反應(yīng)物分子形成了中間產(chǎn)物 —— 活化絡(luò)合物,然后再轉(zhuǎn)化為產(chǎn)物,改變了整個(gè)反應(yīng)途徑。 ?新的反應(yīng)途徑的活化能 Ea Ea2小于原反應(yīng)途徑的 Ea,即降低了活化能,因此反應(yīng)中活化分子數(shù)增加,化學(xué)反應(yīng)速率也隨之得到提高。 Outline of homogeneous catalysis theory Also call intermediate product theory (1)A catalyst that is present in the same phase as the reacting molecules is a homogeneous catalyst. (2)Catalyst change the route of the reaction. It participate the reaction and firstly form a intermediate product (that is, activated plex )with reactant molecules and then depose to product. A + B AB E2 E1 E1’ E2’ Route 1 Route 2 . : In original route Ea1, Ea2 Ea Ea2 In new route with catalyst C: A + B → AB Ea Ea1 A+C → AC+B → AB+C The activation energy of the reaction in new route is less than the activation energy of the reaction in original route, that increase the fraction of activated molecules in system, and increase the rate. ( 3) A catalyst usually lowers the overall activation energy for a reaction by providing a pletely different mechanism for the reaction H 2 O 2 ( a q ) 2 H 2 O +( l )B r 2 ( a q ) + + 2 H + B r 2 ( a q )b r o m i d e i o n2 H 2 O 2 ( a q ) 2 H 2 O + O 2( l ) ( g )h y d r o g e n p e r o x i d e+ O 2 ( g )B r 2 ( a q ) + H 2 O 2 ( a q ) B r 2 ( a q ) + 2 H +b r o m i n eIn the absence of a catalyst this reaction occurs at an extremely slow rate A catalyst,bromide ion speeds the overall reaction without itself undergoing any change. 多相催化理論 ?固態(tài)催化劑與反應(yīng)體系形成非均勻體系 ?固態(tài)催化劑的催化作用 是其表面吸附了反應(yīng)物,使反應(yīng)物分子的取向 有利于增大有效碰撞數(shù),從而有利化學(xué)反應(yīng)。改變了整個(gè)反應(yīng)途徑 表面 結(jié)構(gòu)不規(guī)則 性和 化合價(jià)力不飽和 ,具有吸附別的分子的作用,使被吸附分子化學(xué)鍵松弛,舊鍵易于斷裂,降低 Ea Heterogeneous catalysis A heterogeneous catalyst exists in a different phase from the reactant molecules, usually as a solid in contact with either gaseous reactants or with reactants in a liquid solution. The initial step in heterogeneous catalysis is usually adsorption of reactants. Adsorption refers to the binding of molecules to a surface, whereas absorption refers to the uptake of molecules into the interior of another substance. Adsorption occurs because the atoms or ions at the surface of a solid are extremely reactive. they have unfulfilled valence requirements. The unused bonding capability of surface atoms or ions may by used to bond molecules from the gas or solution phase to the surface of the solid. The places where reaction molecules may bee adsorbed are called active sites. The exothermic reaction of hydrogen gas with ethylene gas to form ethane gas: C 2 H 4 ( g ) + H 2 ( g ) C 2 H 6 ( g )e t h y l e n e e t h a n eThis reaction takes place very slowly under ordinary conditions. In the presence of a heavy metal such as nickel, palladium, or platinum, it occurs quickly at room temperature. The catalyzed reaction occurs at active sites on the surface of the solid. To maximize the surface area of the metal, it is used in the form of a fine powder (1)catalyst is solid, reaction system involving catalyst is heterogeneous . (2) Reactant molecules are absorbed on the surface of solid catalyst, that will result in a favorable orientation between the reactant molecules which increase the effective collisions and then increase the rate. The route of reaction is changed. (3)