freepeople性欧美熟妇, 色戒完整版无删减158分钟hd, 无码精品国产vα在线观看DVD, 丰满少妇伦精品无码专区在线观看,艾栗栗与纹身男宾馆3p50分钟,国产AV片在线观看,黑人与美女高潮,18岁女RAPPERDISSSUBS,国产手机在机看影片

正文內(nèi)容

基于風險和不確定性的決策-資料下載頁

2025-05-02 00:54本頁面
  

【正文】 π(p) with each probability p. This reflects the impact of p on the overall value of the prospect. It is important to note that π is not a probability measure, and Kahneman and Tversky prove that π(p) + π(1p) is frequently less than 1. ()V=iiipwx? ??q( )2021/6/8 39 第三章 基于風險和不確定性的決策 評估階段 The second scale, v, assigns a number v(x) to each oute x, which reflects the subjective value of that oute. Recall that outes are defined relative to a reference point, which serves as a zero point, so v measures deviations from that reference point. For a simple prospect of the form (x,p。 y,q), where the individual receives x with probability p, y with probability q, and nothing with probability 1pq, where p + q 1, we say that: An offered prospect is strictly positive if its outes are all positive, . x, y 0 and p + q = 1. V= iiwx??q( )()V=i iip wx? ??q( )2021/6/8 40 第三章 基于風險和不確定性的決策 評估階段 It is strictly negative if all its outes are negative. It is regular if it is neither strictly positive, nor strictly negative. So for a regular prospect, . either p + q 1, or, without loss of generality, x 0 y, then: V(x, p。 y, q) = π(p)v(x) + π(q)v(y), where v(0) = 0, π(0) = 0, and π(1) = 1. V is defined on prospects, while v is defined on outes. The evaluation of strictly positive or strictly negative prospects follows a different rule, described below: If p + q = 1, and either x y 0, or x y 0, then: V(x, p。 y, q) = v(y) + π(p)[v(x) v(y)], V= iiwx??q( )()V=i iip wx? ??q( )2021/6/8 41 第三章 基于風險和不確定性的決策 評估階段 so the value of a strictly positive or strictly negative prospect equals the value of the riskless ponent plus the differences between the values of the two outes, multiplied by the weight associated with the more extreme oute. Note that a decision weight is applied only to the risky ponent, not the riskless one. Example: V(400,。 100,) = v(100) + π()[v(400) v(100)] Note that a decision weight is applied to the value difference v(x) v(y), but not to the riskless ponent, v(100). Also note that the equation above reduces to π(p)v(x) + [1π(p)]v(y). This reduces to π(p)v(x) + π(q)v(y), the equation for a regular prospect, if π(p) + π(1p) = 1. However, this is not generally satisfied. V= iiwx??q( )()V=i iip wx? ??q( )2021/6/8 42 第三章 基于風險和不確定性的決策 評估階段 While the prospect theory equations appear to resemble those of expected utility theory, the crucial differences are: are attached to changes, rather than final states, and decision weights need not coincide with probabilities. 參考點 ? 在前景理論中結(jié)果值的確定與參考點相關(guān)。 V= iiwx??q( )()V=i iip wx? ??q( )2021/6/8 43 第三章 基于風險和不確定性的決策 參考點是價值尺度的零點。 因此, 變量 v度量的是與參考點的偏離值,即大于參考點為收益,小于參考點為損失。 ? 卡尼曼( 1979): 這個假設(shè)與人的基本感知和判斷原理是相容的,我們的感知器官是與變化和差異的估值相合,而不是與絕對的大小估值相合 ? 生物學的自身穩(wěn)態(tài)( homeostasis)機制 ? 生物學的協(xié)同(非)穩(wěn)態(tài)( allostasis )機制 V= iiwx??q( )()V=i iip wx? ??q( )2021/6/8 44 第三章 基于風險和不確定性的決策 (參考點可以獨立出來的情形) ? “ 幸福乏味( happiness treadmill) ” 異象 ? 經(jīng)濟發(fā)達國家工資不斷上漲,幸福感卻不如以前。 ? 經(jīng)濟發(fā)達國家的自殺率與貧困國家的自殺率趨同。 ? 同一國家富裕群體的自殺率與貧困群體的自殺率趨同。 ? 彩票中獎人的幸福感與普通百姓的幸福感無差別。 V= iiwx??q( )()V=i iip wx? ??q( )2021/6/8 45 第三章 基于風險和不確定性的決策 ? 人生悲劇或災(zāi)難后的幸福感水平快速恢復。 ? 參考點與期望之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性 ? 參考點依賴于他人的狀況 ? 參考點與現(xiàn)行的財富水平并非一致 ? 卡尼曼和特沃斯基( 1979):個人經(jīng)歷一筆財富損失時的權(quán)重顯得比其獲得相同數(shù)量財富時的權(quán)重更大。數(shù)學表達是: V= iiwx??q( )()V=i iip wx? ??q( )2021/6/8 46 第三章 基于風險和不確定性的決策 心理學基礎(chǔ) ? 消費品非對稱性需求價格彈性:雞蛋與橙汁 ? 損失厭惡系數(shù): ︳ 損失的負效用 /收益的正效用 ︱ ? 處置效應(yīng)( disposition effect) ? 日末效應(yīng)( endoftheday effect) V= iiwx??q( )0 3 . 1 1( ) ( ) ,x x xvv ?? 當 時 ( )2021/6/8 47 第三章 基于風險和不確定性的決策 效用函數(shù)的形狀 V= iiwx??q( )()V=i iip wx? ??q(
點擊復制文檔內(nèi)容
范文總結(jié)相關(guān)推薦
文庫吧 www.dybbs8.com
備案圖鄂ICP備17016276號-1