【導(dǎo)讀】凱蒂威廉姆斯教授，環(huán)境與規(guī)劃中心主任，住房與當?shù)丨h(huán)境都是非常重要的。但社區(qū)并不僅僅只是住。人們對此有很多的要求。只顧著投資住房，而不重視社。采用強大和可持續(xù)的社區(qū)是一種更寬廣的視野，它?；默F(xiàn)代生活需求的社區(qū)的關(guān)鍵。首先，針對英國新定居點的歷史與自然以及新社。法，本報告探尋以求解釋先前人們渴望社區(qū)、組建新社區(qū)的這一趨勢。此后，提供了有關(guān)理想新住區(qū)與社區(qū)目標和特色的細節(jié)。的方案案例研究闡述了正在被解決的問題。持續(xù)的新型社區(qū)的經(jīng)驗里所汲取的特殊教訓(xùn)。以及如何發(fā)展新社區(qū)的重要概括，并提出對英國當前實踐優(yōu)缺點的評估。該報告針對可持續(xù)的新型社區(qū)這一主題采用了很實際的方法研究。這種方法意味著目前情況中的某些方面被忽略了。的新增家庭正是導(dǎo)致這一需求的原因。能力負擔房屋的市場價格，他們需要一些援助從而獲得住房。案這兩者的成功，社區(qū)是關(guān)鍵。確保當?shù)乜沙掷m(xù)社區(qū)能適應(yīng)建筑環(huán)境的變化。這一針對社區(qū)的觀點和對社區(qū)的依

　　

【正文】 These requirements can be contrasted with the conceptualization of an 39。unsustainable munity39。 as presented in Table 2. (Reproduced from Raco, 2021, which was adapted from ODPM, 2021 and 2021) Table 2. An unsustainable munity 38 The Government has more recently provided a shorter definition of sustainable munities in its Sustainable Development Strategy (Securing the Future, TSO, 2021), in which it sets out the following conceptualization: Table 3: A conceptualisation of sustainable munities (from Securing the Future, TSO, 2021, Annex A) 39。Sustainable munities embody the principles of sustainable development: They: ? balance and integrate the social, economic and environmental ponents of their munity ? Meet the needs of existing and future generations ? Respect the needs of other munities in the wider region and internationally also to make their munities sustainable39。 The model for sustainable munities has now been reiterated in a number of government guidance and policy documents (ODPM 2021a and b, DEFRA, 2021, CLG, 2021), much material in these has been drawn from some key academic and practitionerproduced research and guidance on sustainable settlement design and planning. The prescription is now quite precise in terms of both the physical form of the new munity and how it is supposed to function. In physical terms, new munities, whether pletely new or in regeneration areas, are to be developed to a particular urban design and planning philosophy. This calls for high density (40+) dph, pact development, with flats and terraced housing types favored over detached houses. Where possible, brownfield sites are preferred over greenfield. The 39 layouts are to be well connected。 usually grid or deformed grids rather than the culsdesac type configurations. A range of infrastructure to support lowcarbon modes of transport are also prescribed, such as cycle paths, bus lanes and so on. In conjunction, the public realm should be walkable and feel safe. Different house sizes and types are to be interspersed throughout the development to give variety and to ‘disguise’ differences in tenure. Amenities are to be planned in developments from the outset, not phased in later. Hence a mix of buildings to house various uses is prescribed. Increasingly there are demands for energy efficiency measures in new munities such as bined heat and power schemes, sustainable urban drainage systems, and highly insulated homes to ensure that valuable resources are used prudently (this includes water, electricity and gas). There is also a concern that new developments should offer opportunities for economic development, so larger schemes should have dedicated employment space. Additionally, buildings should be designed for flexibility so that businesses can start and households can adapt as their needs change. In essence then, a sustainable munity is characterized as one prising a mix of household types (in terms of ages, sizes and ines) and of different tenures (privately owned, shared ownership and private and social rented). Socially, the munities are mixed and well integrated. The idea is that they are places where social capital can develop and social inclusion is supported. The munities contain, or are located close to, sufficient facilities and amenities in terms of open space, health, education and so on. Economically, these munities should be attractive to private investment in terms of shops, leisure facilities and so on. They should also have strong local leadership, with opportunities for local people to take part in decision making. So where has this view e from? And why is there such a strong 39。model39。 for new munities in the UK now? Is it a reaction to past experiences? Or is it the product of a particular ideology or ideologies? Have we imported ideas form elsewhere, or is this a purely British ideal? The answers to these questions are plex: the favored solutions for new munities are partly a reaction to past events, and partly the result of new ideologies. Partly, they are 39。learned39。 from others and in some ways the new solutions are experimental, To help understand the origins of the sustainable munities approach it is useful to review some key drivers that have bined to produce the current British vision.