【正文】 through 5,126 prototypes (原型) for his newest vacuum before ing up with the design ________ made his fortune. These failures were essential to the pathway of learning. As Dyson put ________: You can39。t develop new technology unless you test new ideas and learn when things go wrong. Failure is essential to invention. In healthcare, however, things are very different. Clinicians don39。t like to admit to failure, partly because they have strongegos (自我) —particularly the senior doctors—and partly because they fear litigation (訴訟). The consequence is that ________ learning from failure, healthcare often covers up failure. The direct consequence is that the same mistakes ________ (repeat). According to the Journal of Patient Safety, 400,000 people die every year in American hospitals alone due to preventable error. ________ healthcare learns to respond positively to failure, things will not improve.【答案】 if / when；To stretch；remaining；failing；What；which / that；it；instead of；are repeated；Until / Unless 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇夾敘夾議文，只有先學(xué)會(huì)如何失敗，才能真正成功，作者用這個(gè)道理告訴美國(guó)的醫(yī)療保健部門只有學(xué)會(huì)積極面對(duì)失敗，醫(yī)療事故的情況才會(huì)好轉(zhuǎn)。 （1）考查狀語(yǔ)從句。句意：但矛盾的是，我們的孩子只有先學(xué)會(huì)如何失敗，才能真正成功。根據(jù)句意可知此處既可以用if引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，表示如果……，也可用when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，表示當(dāng)……的時(shí)候，故填if / when。 （2）考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：為了突破自己的局限，他們一直在努力。根據(jù)句意可知此處表示目的，應(yīng)該用不定式做目的狀語(yǔ)，故填To stretch。 （3）考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：他們總是嘗試他們已經(jīng)做得很容易的動(dòng)作，保持在他們的舒適區(qū)內(nèi)。They與remain之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，表示主動(dòng)，用現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語(yǔ)，故填remaining。 （4）考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：在實(shí)踐中從不失敗會(huì)阻礙他們進(jìn)步。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處用動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)，故填failing。 （5）考查主語(yǔ)從句。句意：生活中的情況和滑冰的情況是一樣的。此處為主語(yǔ)從句，從句中缺少主語(yǔ)，故填What。 （6）考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：詹姆斯戴森為最新款的吸塵器設(shè)計(jì)了5126個(gè)原型，然后才想出了這個(gè)讓他大賺一筆的設(shè)計(jì)。此處為定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞為design，指物，關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語(yǔ)，故填which / that。 （7）考查代詞。句意：正如戴森所說(shuō)的：除非你測(cè)試新想法，并在事情出錯(cuò)時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)，否則你不會(huì)開發(fā)出新技術(shù)，失敗是發(fā)明的基礎(chǔ)。as someone puts it固定句式。正如某人所說(shuō)表示。put it表達(dá)......故填it。 （8）考查介詞短語(yǔ)。句意：結(jié)果是，醫(yī)療保健往往掩蓋失敗，而不是從失敗中吸取教訓(xùn)。根據(jù)句意可知此處表示而不是，故填instead of。 （9）考查時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意：其直接后果是一再地犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤。陳述的是客觀事實(shí)，mistakes 與repeat之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，故填are repeated。 （10）考查連詞。句意：除非醫(yī)療保健學(xué)會(huì)積極面對(duì)失敗，否則情況不會(huì)好轉(zhuǎn)（直到醫(yī)療保健學(xué)會(huì)積極面對(duì)失敗，情況才會(huì)好轉(zhuǎn)）。根據(jù)句意可知此處表示除非或直到，故填Until / Unless。 【點(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及狀語(yǔ)從句，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，主語(yǔ)從句，定語(yǔ)從句，代詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)以及連詞等多個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)的考查，是一篇人生感悟類閱讀，要求考生在理解細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，并結(jié)合相關(guān)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，進(jìn)行分析推理，從而寫出正確的單詞形式。11．閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容（1個(gè)單詞）或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式(每空至多3詞)。 The cave dwelling (Yaodong in Chinese) in Xi39。an , Shaanxi Province, is laid out in rows one atop the other, looking like buildings of multiple floors in the distance . It is a sort of distinctive cave house ________ (dig) into the mountains for dwelling of many laboring people on the Loess Plateau in northwest China. A cave house is usually six meters deep and four meters wide. Stoneslabs (厚板) ________(pile) up to form a semicircle at the entrance, ________ is decorated with beautiful wood or metal windows in a ________ (vary) of styles. The types of the cave dwelling can be divided into the earth cave dwelling, brick cave dwelling ________ stone dwelling. For centuries, they have been regarded ________the symbol of the peasants in northern part of Shaanxi Province. The beauty about the cave dwelling is ________they help maintain local geography and save on farmlands by ________ (make) use of space that would have been otherwise left unused. They are warm in winter and cool in summer. The temperature inside is usually 13 degrees Celsius higher than in the open in winter and 10 degrees Celsius ________ (low) in summer. Statistics show that 40 million people live in cave dwellings that are scattered over an area of 600,000 square kilometers in ________ middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River.【答案】 dug；are piled；which；variety；and；as；that；making；lower；the 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹了延安窯洞的地理位置、建筑風(fēng)格及給當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裆顜?lái)的益處。 （1）考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：這是一種頗具特點(diǎn)在山里挖出的洞屋，用作西北黃土高原農(nóng)民工的棲息之地。house與dig之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，使用過(guò)去分詞dug。故填dug。 （2）考查時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意：厚石板堆積形成入口處的半圓，入口處裝飾著漂亮的木頭和各式各樣的金屬窗戶。通過(guò)分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，主句為“Stoneslabs (厚板)________(pile) up to form a semicircle at the entrance”，主句中存在不定式to form，stonelabs與pile之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且stonelabs為復(fù)數(shù)，因此橫線上需填入被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式are piled。故填are piled。 （3）考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：厚石板堆積形成入口處的半圓，入口處裝飾著漂亮的木頭和各式各樣的金屬窗戶。此句為定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞為橫線前的一句話，在從句中作主語(yǔ)，應(yīng)填入關(guān)系代詞which。故填which。 （4）考查名詞。句意：入口處裝飾著漂亮的木頭和各式各樣的金屬窗戶。a variety of固定短語(yǔ)，“各種各樣的”，故填variety。 （5）考查連詞。句意：窯洞的類型分為土溶洞、磚溶洞和石溶洞。stone dwelling與earth cave dwelling , brick cave dwelling互為并列關(guān)系，應(yīng)使用并列連詞and。故填and。 （6）考查介詞。句意：幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，它們一直被視為陜西省北部農(nóng)民的象征。be regarded as動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，“被視為”，故填as。 （7）考查表語(yǔ)從句。句意：窯洞之美在于它們有助于保持當(dāng)?shù)氐牡乩砬闆r。通過(guò)分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知此句為表語(yǔ)從句，且從句中不缺少任何成分應(yīng)使用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)。故填that。 （8）考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：通過(guò)利用原本閑置的空間來(lái)節(jié)約耕地。介詞by后接名詞，題中所給詞性為動(dòng)詞make，因此需使用make的動(dòng)名詞形式making。故填making。 （9）考查形容詞。句意：室內(nèi)溫度通常比冬天室外高13攝氏度，比夏天室外低10攝氏度。通過(guò)語(yǔ)境翻譯可知，橫線處意為“比…低”，使用low的比較級(jí)lower。故填lower。 （10）考查冠詞。句意：據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，黃河中上游地區(qū)約有4000萬(wàn)人居住在窯洞中，窯洞面積約60萬(wàn)平方公里分布于黃河中上游地區(qū)?！癷n ________ middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River.”作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，表示特指中上游地帶，應(yīng)使用定冠詞，故填the。 【點(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)，定語(yǔ)從句，名詞，連詞，介詞，表語(yǔ)從句，形容詞以及冠詞等多個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)的考查，是一篇文化類閱讀，要求考生在理解細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，并結(jié)合相關(guān)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，進(jìn)行分析推理，從而寫出正確的單詞形式。 12．閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容（1個(gè)單詞）或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。 The gorillas（大猩猩）in the valleys in the south often lived together in groups of several tens. They were fond of drinking wine, and even fonder of imitating man39。s ________ (behave). People knew very well their ________ (habit) and often put wine on the roadside together with many straw sandals ________ were connected together with ropes. The gorillas knew this was ________trick to lure(引誘)them into traps and cursed: Humph! Do you think we don39。t know your tricks? We39。ll never be taken in! So they called one another, ________ (turn) round and left. But they had smelled the aroma(香味)of the wine already, and couldn39。t bear to part with it. Even after they left, they would turn their heads to look back. ________ they saw no one there, they would turn back。 and after they turned back, they were afraid of ________ (cheat), and left again. After much hesitation, they ________ (final) said to themselves: Just for a taste of the wine. It won39。t matter as long as we don39。t get drunk. Shortly afterwards, they agreed ________ (e) back to drink the wine. When they got drunk, they forgot everything. Every gori