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在下一次假設提出時,回憶上一次假設,刺激。結果,假設的回憶最差,說明假設檢驗說有漏洞 Reber(人工語法 ) Kellog: 50 道乘法(心算)→分散注意 30 張 臉譜 →測試 測臉譜 60 張: 30 張舊, 30 張新 結果不錯 用內隱學習來解釋 樣例學習說 概念形成中,記住一具體的例子(自然概念) Rosch 提出 amp。(這里是需要思維過程的問題) 一. 問題的歲那個組成,起始狀態(tài),目標狀態(tài),操作(往往還要嘗試錯誤) 河內塔(漢諾塔) 二. 問題解決的模式 1. 針對人工問題的研究 ( 1) 狀態(tài)動作模式,分支多花時多,分支少,花時少,恢復原來情況(不愿意),難。 ( 2) 問題分解 模式 2. Greeno 問題分類 ( 1) 歸納結構問題 eg:狼,狗=虎? 找出相同點,不同點,→“比較 ”過程。 ( 2) 轉換問題 eg:漢諾題 通過操作,把起始狀態(tài)變成目標狀態(tài) ( 1)( 2)都稱作 “手段 ——目的分析 ” ( 3)排列問題 eg→ 2upzle→ puzzle 三.知識和經驗對問題解決的影響專家與新手 棋子排列 ( hi(1981)的實驗 專家 物理學教授;新手:剛開始學物理的人 要求 對題目分類 結果: 新手根據(jù)圖 的相似程度分類 旋轉問題 (既根據(jù)題目的表面特征分類)斜面問題 專家根據(jù)用到的定律,方法分類:能量守恒 牛頓第二定律 專家喜歡順向思維 ——working forward 新午喜歡用逆向思維 ——working backward amp。 一. 想象 1. 什么是想象? 無向性思維~有向性思維 被動推理~主動推理 2. 測量研究 Singeramp。Mccraven(1961) 240 個美國人, 96%,每人每天都有想象活動 想象的內容主要是一些表象,且與計劃(尤其是人際關系的計劃)有關。 Singeramp。Antrobus(1972) 29 個分量表 ——作因素分需,再對被試分組 結果 負疚 ——煩躁型 焦慮 ——錯亂型 沉思型 不同文化背景的人,想象有差異 黑人 意大利人 愛爾蘭人 日耳曼人 多 少 Kripke Sonnenshein(1975) 想象頻率與時間關系,每隔 90 分鐘出現(xiàn)一次高潮想象的作用: 計劃功能;提醒功能;保持警惕 3. 實驗研究 ( 1) 任務要求(高,低) 信號檢測任務 ——自變量 與任務無關的思維作為想象的證據(jù) ——因變量 →結論:任務要求越高,無關思維越少。 圖(略) ( 2) “壞消息 ”效應。 Antrobus,Singer,Gveenberg. 壞消息可以激發(fā)想象 ( 3)應激效應 正常組 應激組 用備電影增強應激性 再做信號檢測任務→結果,應激組有 “侵入性思維 ”(不由自主要區(qū)想剛力片中的鏡頭,自己想擺脫它也不能) 侵入性思維的特點( I)不隨意(意識)性 ( II)難以擺脫 ( III)應該擺脫 ( IV)同一念頭,重復出現(xiàn) 二.創(chuàng)造 實驗研究少,測驗量表研究則較多 1. 創(chuàng)造性個體研究 Ann Roe(1952) 64 名優(yōu)秀美國科學家(文理都有) ——智力測驗,主題統(tǒng)覺測驗,交談。 第九章 情緒 情緒的生理指標 一. 皮膚電 皮膚溫度 二. 血管容積,脈搏率 三. 呼吸 緊張焦慮情況下,口干舌燥 ——交感神經興奮 四. 腦電 a——清醒,要靜 B——動腦子 表情量表 情緒的理論 James 阿諾德 認知 圖(略) 人悲傷的時 候效率也高,為什么? 因為背上水平不同于動機水平(激動水平) 第十章 動作機能 練習曲線 高原現(xiàn)象 言語機能 (p368) 思維,言語 言語活動是意識活動的一部分,所以并不能說語言決定思維,思維決定言語 ——皮亞杰 相互作用論: (i) 言語是思維的工具。(抽象思維中) (ii) 言語的發(fā)展推動了思維的發(fā)展 (iii) 思維對言語也是有作用的 思維的發(fā)展 也推動言語的發(fā)展 eg:語法學習有助于學好語言 漢語特點( p374) 思維與言語( p378) 可見言語,語圖儀( P381) (可以不看 ) aws equal? In fondness for people, governing a nation Is the ability to be absent of action equal? In opening and closing the gate of heavens Is the ability to be absent of femaleness equal? In seeing clearly all four reaches Is the ability to be absent from knowledge equal? Be giving birth, be nourishing. Giving birth yet without possessing Acting yet without sustaining Growing yet without directing Is appropriately called insightful ideal. 11 Thirty spokes converge at one hub The use of a chariot is in the presence of what is absent Shaping clay, it happens to act as a vessel The use of a vessel is in the presence of what is absent Cutting doors and windows to have it act as a room The use of a room is in the presence of what is absent. So Where there is presence beneficial actions happen Where there is absence useful actions happen. 12 Five colors blind the eye of man Five tones deafen the ear of man Five flavors chafe the mouth of man Racing and hunting inspire the mind of man to express craziness Goods difficult to obtain hamper the path of man. Appropriately it happens That sages act from the center without acting from the eyes. So detach from that, grab this. 13 Favor and disgrace look alarming. The treasure of great danger looks like the body. Why say favor and disgrace look alarming? Favor acts superior Disgrace acts inferior Being obtained it looks alarming Being lost it looks alarming Appropriately say favor and disgrace look alarming. Why say the treasure of great danger looks like the body? I place the occurrence of things of great danger As action of I in the presence of a body. I reach the absence of a body I am present with what danger? Appropriately say the treasure of great danger looks like the body. So treasuring it when the body acts in the world It looks like one can be mitted to the world. Being fond of it when the body acts in the world It looks like one can be entrusted to the world. 14 Being observed, lacking sight Say the name smooth Being listened to, lacking hearing Say the name rare Being pounced on, lacking obtainment Say the name small. That which these three describes cannot be resolved So they mingle yet act as one. What is high lacks brightness What is low lacks darkness Restrictions and restraints cannot be named Return, merge with, relate to the absence of things. It is an appropriate action to call it The absence of being shape39。s shape The absence of being thing39。s form. It is appropriately called ungraspable, elusive Moving toward it there is no seeing a head Following it there is no seeing a tail. Holding the tao of the ancients Warding off presence of the now happens The ability to know the ancient beginnings Is appropriately called a bond to tao. 15 Those ancients who valued action in the tao Were insightful, versatile, farreaching, coherent. Perating, one cannot understand In the end it is only that one cannot understand So there is more than appears to their actions. So resigned, like fording a river in wint