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應用數(shù)字邏輯理論對城市交通進行綜合分析的嘗試(編輯修改稿)

2024-11-04 22:50 本頁面
 

【文章內容簡介】 訓練方法和第一課介紹的概述練習有些類似,但側重點不一樣??v向分析要求進行邏輯分層訓練,即在聽完一篇講話后首先用一句話概括出講話的中心內容,這是邏輯的最上層;圍繞這一中心問題講話人談了哪幾個方面的內容,這是第二層關系;而每個方面又具體談了些什么,這是邏輯的下一個層次。,這三種習慣分別是:飯后立即吃水果、喝茶和散步;針對每一種錯誤習慣,分析了其原因,提出了正確的做法;在原因里又提到幾種原因,分別是??。就這樣將信息一層一層地剖析下去,形成一個清晰的邏輯線路圖,然后按照邏輯線路對原語講話進行復述,復述時不必拘泥于原語的順序和結構。橫向分析的練習則要求我們找出信息之間的邏輯關系。一般的信息結構都遵從一定的邏輯關系模式,如:概括(generalization)、分類(classification)、因果(causeeffect)、對比對照(pare amp。 contrast)、按照時間、空間、步驟、重要性的順序排列(sequencing)、列舉(simple listing)、提出問題解決問題(problemsolution)等。找邏輯關系可以根據(jù)線索詞匯,如英文里表示概括關系的線索詞匯有:to sum up, in summary, in conclusion, in brief, in short, on the whole等;表示順序的詞匯有:first, second, furthermore, before, preceding, during, when, finally, meanwhile等;表示對比的詞匯有:likewise, as well as, in mon with, both, similarly,pared to等;表示對照的有:on the other hand, on the contrary, otherwise, instead, still, yet, whereas, differently等;表示因果的則有:so, since, because, as a result, consequently, lead to等等。邏輯分析要求在聽取信息時不是被動地接收,而是在全神貫注地收聽的同時,結合自己對口譯情境和講話人背景的了解,進行合理的分析和預測,這樣才能更好地跟上講話人的思路,緩解“聽”的壓力,使口譯理解更輕松更準確。II Skills practiceTeaching suggestions: Tell the students to form a mind picture or logic tree while listening, trying to associate main points with the corresponding subpoints, and then do the retelling to check the effectiveness of their logic : retell the passage, paying attention to the logic“上班族”借助網(wǎng)絡發(fā)帖聯(lián)絡搭乘“順風車”,這種出行方式最近在北京、上海、深圳等一些大中型城市開始流行起來。一些網(wǎng)站還專門設立了相關的欄目,北京出現(xiàn)了全國第一家順風車專業(yè)門戶網(wǎng)站,有需求者只要將自己的出發(fā)地和目的地發(fā)布上網(wǎng),就會很容易獲得理想的搭乘機會。除此之外,也有一些搭乘者是通過朋友介紹認識的。與國外一些國家搭順風車現(xiàn)象有所不同的是,按事先約定,國內的一些搭乘者會以現(xiàn)金或實物的形式給車主一定的補償,而一些車主也將省錢和掙錢作為提供便利的目的之一。面對越來越多的汽車污染以及日漸嚴重的交通壓力,“順風車”的出現(xiàn)無疑是件好事。但隨之而來的“有償搭車”現(xiàn)象卻引起了各方的不同看法。對此持贊同意見的人認為應該提倡這種做法,因為它既方便了乘車人,也減輕了車主的經(jīng)濟負擔,同時還能緩解城市交通壓力;反對的人則認為私家車收費搭乘他人,嚴格意義上屬于非法營運,由于它沒有辦理任何證件,干擾了正常的客運市場。政府應加以嚴格管理;一些保險公司相關人士還認為,一旦發(fā)生事故,保險公司有權拒賠,理由是營運車風險比較大,同類型汽車的保險費收費標準,營運車輛要高于私家車。 Why are girls not as good at maths and science?Girls don39。t do as well at maths and science as are several reasons for first and most important reason is that they aren39。t encouraged to play with toys that build up interest in maths and science problems and that build skills for problem solving or understanding how things are encouraged to play with toys that foster language and human relations a result, they can grow up not knowing how an engine works or how to build a model from , studies have shown that teachers don39。t expect girls to be good at female maths and science teachers pay more attention to boys in class and call on boys more teachers don39。t expect girls to excel, they don39。t try very hard, and soon girls are far behind boys in these , girls don39。t have many role models to look up very many maths and science teachers are women, especially in the later the media picture mathematicians and scientists, they usually picture
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