【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 〞和“生效〞， 如不采用這種譯法，而是逐字翻譯，勢(shì)必會(huì)使譯文顯得羅嗦而難以理解，總之，譯者應(yīng)時(shí)刻牢記中英文的各種表達(dá)法，來確保(qu232。bǎo)原文和譯文最大可能地對(duì)應(yīng)起來，真正做到準(zhǔn)確嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)通順。,29,第二十九頁，共九十五頁。,類似的表達(dá)還有：any and all〔全部(qu225。nb249。)〕、any duties, obligations or liabilities〔所有責(zé)任〕、applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules〔適用法律法規(guī)〕、charges, fees, costs and expenses〔各種費(fèi)用〕、covenants and agreements〔合同，協(xié)議〕、customs and usages〔慣例〕、free and clear of〔無〕、import duty and tax〔進(jìn)口稅捐〕、keep secret and confidential〔保密〕、licenses and permits〔容許〕、null and void〔無效〕、packing and wrapping expenses〔包裝費(fèi)〕、rights and interests〔權(quán)益〕、settle claims and debts〔清理債務(wù)〕、ships and vessels〔船只〕、sign and issue〔簽發(fā)〕、support and maintenance〔維護(hù)〕、use and wont〔習(xí)慣，慣例〕，等等。,30,第三十頁，共九十五頁。,第三節(jié) 合同(h233。 tong)英語的句法特點(diǎn) 及翻譯要點(diǎn),假設(shè)說商務(wù)合同的用詞具有專業(yè)、準(zhǔn)確、正式的特點(diǎn)，那么商務(wù)合同的句法那么有構(gòu)造嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、句式較長(zhǎng)的特點(diǎn)。句子的狀語〔從句〕和定語〔從句〕等附加成分很多，且往往位置明顯，對(duì)主句意義進(jìn)展解釋、限制或補(bǔ)充，一那么可以表達(dá)這種文體莊嚴(yán)的風(fēng)格、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)臉?gòu)造和明晰的邏輯；二那么便于排除被曲解、誤解而出現(xiàn)歧義引發(fā)爭(zhēng)端的可能性，維護(hù)雙方的合法權(quán)益。雖然商務(wù)合同英文中的句法特點(diǎn)有很多，比方多用陳述句、多用如今時(shí)、多用被動(dòng)語態(tài)、多用名詞性構(gòu)造等等，但本節(jié)結(jié)合翻譯難點(diǎn)，重點(diǎn)討論長(zhǎng)句，尤其(y243。uq237。)是條件從句的特點(diǎn)和翻譯方法。 一、長(zhǎng)句及其翻譯 二、條件句及其翻譯,31,第三十一頁，共九十五頁。,第三節(jié) 合同英語的句法特點(diǎn) 及翻譯(fāny236。)要點(diǎn),一、長(zhǎng)句及其翻譯 與普通英語相比較而言，商務(wù)合同英語中的句子構(gòu)造就其長(zhǎng)度和使用從句的連續(xù)性要復(fù)雜得多。分析合同長(zhǎng)句的根本方法是：首先，要找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語(bīnyǔ),即句子的主干構(gòu)造；其次，要找出句子中所有的謂語構(gòu)造、非謂語構(gòu)造、介詞短語和從句的引導(dǎo)詞，然后再分析從句和短句的功能，即：是否是主語從句、賓語(bīnyǔ)從句、表語從句或狀語從句等，以及詞、短語和從句之間的關(guān)系。最后,分析句子中是否有固定搭配、插入語等其他成分。,32,第三十二頁，共九十五頁。,20) The Buyer may, within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination, lodge a claim against the Seller for shortweight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor. 這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單長(zhǎng)句，其主干為The Buyer may…lodge a claim…。修飾謂語動(dòng)詞的狀語有三個(gè)，分別表示時(shí)間〔within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination〕、方式〔being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor〕和原因〔for shortweight〕。諸多狀語盡管在原文中位置靈敏，然而在譯文里，須按照漢語的行文標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適當(dāng)進(jìn)展調(diào)整：方式狀語一般應(yīng)置于動(dòng)詞之前(zhīqi225。n)；其他狀語可以靈敏處理，如本句中的時(shí)間狀語可以提早至句首。 貨物抵達(dá)目的港15天內(nèi)，買方可以憑有信譽(yù)的公共檢驗(yàn)員出示的檢驗(yàn)證明向賣方提出短重索賠。,33,第三十三頁，共九十五頁。,21〕If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall indemnify and keep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach. 本句的主干是it shall indemnify and keep indemnified. against. the other Party and the company。If引導(dǎo)的是條件從句，條件句的賓語局部跟隨后置定語〔given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2〕。in addition to 引導(dǎo)的是增補(bǔ)成分，其核心詞remedies也跟了后置定語〔available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws〕。That引導(dǎo)的那么是后置定語修飾緊鄰的五個(gè)名詞。基于以上分析，再結(jié)合(ji233。h233。)漢語的行文習(xí)慣〔條件在前，構(gòu)造在后以及定語在所修飾的核心詞之前〕，即可翻譯成文。,34,第三十四頁，共九十五頁。,21〕If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall indemnify and keep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach. 假設(shè)一方違背任何其根據(jù)第18.1條或18.2條所作的陳述及擔(dān)保或重述,那么另一方除根據(jù)本合同或相關(guān)法律尋求任何可能(kěn233。ng)的救濟(jì)之外,違約方應(yīng)當(dāng)賠償另一方或合營公司因此種違背而招致的任何損失、損害、費(fèi)用、開支、責(zé)任或索賠。,35,第三十五頁，共九十五頁。,22〕The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit. 上句中信息的重心在句首，先說明賣方的免責(zé)(miǎn z233。)事項(xiàng)，接著再規(guī)定由于什么原因引起的不能交貨或延遲交貨才會(huì)免責(zé)(miǎn z233。)，后對(duì)不可抗力又做了限定。按照漢語的思維習(xí)慣，往往先談原因，再講結(jié)論，因此采用顛倒順序的譯法更合理。 凡在制造或裝船運(yùn)輸過程中，因不可抗力致使賣方不能或推延交貨時(shí)，賣方不負(fù)責(zé)任。,36,第三十六頁，共九十五頁。,第三節(jié) 合同英語(yīnɡ yǔ)的句法特點(diǎn) 及翻譯要點(diǎn),二、條件句及其翻譯 商務(wù)合同主要約定合同各方應(yīng)享有的權(quán)利和應(yīng)履行的義務(wù)，但由于這種權(quán)利的行使和義務(wù)的履行均賦有各種(ɡ232。 zhǒnɡ)條件，所以條件句的大量使用成為商務(wù)合同的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。條件句多由以下連接詞引導(dǎo)：if, in the event of, in case (of), should, provided (that), subject to, unless otherwise等。比方：,37,第三十七頁，共九十五頁。,23〕If the third party accuses the Party B of infringement, Party B shall take up the matter…〔假設(shè)第三方指控乙方侵權(quán)，乙方應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)……〕 24〕In the event of any loss caused by the delay in the delivery, the Representative can claim a compensation from the Manufacturer with a certificate and detailed list registered by the administration authorities of the Representative’s site.〔假設(shè)因任何交貨延誤導(dǎo)致的代理方損失，代理方可憑代理方所在地行政當(dāng)局登記的損失清單向制造方索賠，但須出具證明?！?25〕In case the Contract terminates prematurely, the Contract Appendices shall like wise terminate.〔假設(shè)本合同提早終止(zhōngzhǐ)，那么合同附件也隨之終止(zhōngzhǐ)?！?38,第三十八頁，共九十五頁。,26〕 Should all or part of the contract be unable to be fulfilled owing to the fault of one party, the breaching party shall bear the responsibilities thus caused. Should it be the fault of both parties, they shall bear their respective responsibilities according to actual situations. 〔由于一方的過失，造本錢合同不能履行或不能完全履行時(shí)，由過失一方承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任。假設(shè)屬雙方過失，那么(n224。 me)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況，由雙方分別承擔(dān)各自應(yīng)負(fù)的違約責(zé)任?！?27〕Either Side can replace the representatives it has appointed provided that it submits a written notice to the other Side. 〔任何一方都可更換自己指派的代表，但須書面通知對(duì)方。〕,39,第三十九頁，共九十五頁。,28〕Subject to the conditions hereinafter set forth, Party B will protect…〔在以下情況下，乙方將保證……〕 29〕The terms CFR, or CIF shall be subject to the International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms (INCOTERMS 2000) provided by the International Chamber of Commerce unless otherwise stipulated herein.〔除非(chfēi)另有規(guī)定，“CFR〞和“CIF〞均應(yīng)根據(jù)國際商會(huì)制定的?2000年國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通那么?〔INCOTERMS 2000〕辦理?！?40,第四十頁，共九十五頁。,歸納上述各例，除了句〔Either Side can replace the representatives it has appointed provided that it submits a written notice to the other Side 〕以外，條件句均置于主句之前，英譯漢時(shí)譯成“假設(shè)〞或“假設(shè)〞即可。而當(dāng)條件句置于主句之后時(shí)，在翻譯這些引導(dǎo)條件句的連詞或短語時(shí)，可按動(dòng)態(tài)等值理論視詳細(xì)情況而定，切勿生搬硬套。該句中的provided that表示合同該條款需作進(jìn)一步規(guī)定或在作規(guī)定時(shí)語氣上的轉(zhuǎn)折，因此應(yīng)譯為“但是(d224。nsh236。)〞才使譯文過渡自然，符合漢語的表達(dá)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，到達(dá)功能對(duì)等的效果。,41,第四十一頁，共九十五頁。,商務(wù)(shāngw249。)合同,國際商務(wù)合同種類繁多，標(biāo)的各異，但就其構(gòu)造而言，一般由三個(gè)局部組成(zǔ ch233。nɡ)： 前言、正文、結(jié)尾。,42,第四十二頁，共九十五頁。,Preamble of a Contract合同(h233。 tong)的前言,國際商務(wù)合同的前言局部，主要包括兩方面的內(nèi)容：其一,主要載明合同當(dāng)事人的名稱或者姓名、國籍、主營業(yè)務(wù)或者住所(the corporate or personal names of the parties to the contract and their nationalities，principal places of business