【正文】 rticles are for convenience of reference only, not part of this contract and shall not in any way effect the interpretation thereof. 在前一句中，“hereby〞一詞翻譯成了“茲〞，這是一個經常在中文商務合同中使用的詞，符合法律文書的文體特征。此句中的“thereof〞相當于“of that〞，然而，奈達的動態(tài)等值理論的原那么是用最適宜的對等詞來表達源出語的意義，所以“that〞可以用“the said contract〞來代替。,17,第十七頁，共九十五頁。)要點,一、用詞專業(yè)，具有法律意味〔professional or legal〕 〔四〕注意may、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等詞語的法律內涵 May、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等詞確實很常見，但是在合同中這些詞具有特殊的意義，所以翻譯起來要極其慎重，防止引起糾紛。假設表示某種權利在法律上具有強迫性的時候，更多的是“be entitled〞。如未履行，即視為違約，并構成某種賠償(p233。ng)責任。例如：,18,第十八頁，共九十五頁。s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. 〔雙方首先(shǒuxiān)應通過友好協(xié)商，解決因合同而發(fā)生的或與合同有關的爭議?！?上句中的shall 和may表達準確。,19,第十九頁，共九十五頁。w249?！?12〕The formation of this contract, its validity, interpretation, execution and settlement of the disputes shall be governed by related laws of the People’s Republic of China.〔本合同的訂立、效力、解釋、履行和爭議的解決均受中華人民共和國法律的管轄?！?20,第二十頁，共九十五頁。)語氣較弱的假設，多翻譯成“萬一〞或“假設〞，極少譯成“應該〞?！?21,第二十一頁，共九十五頁。)和強迫力比Shall弱。,22,第二十二頁，共九十五頁。 tong)英語的詞匯特點 及翻譯要點,二、用詞正式、準確(zhǔnqu232。如： The Licensee will notify the Licensor and shall assist the Licensor in taking such action as the Licensor deems appropriate。假設句中接連出現(xiàn)這類詞語，其風格自然顯得鄭重、嚴肅具有濃重的正式文體色彩。 該句中的execute較sign正式。,第二節(jié) 合同英語的詞匯特點(t232。o qī)之前的三年內簽字生效。當然，商務英語詞語選擇中的正式性與非正式性是相對而言的，且無優(yōu)劣之分，一切需視詳細的使用場合而定。,15〕These articles shall apply to documentary credits, including stand by letters of credit, to the extent to which the credits in question shall be applicable, and shall be binding on the Parties to the Contract, unless otherwise expressly agreed by the Parties thereto. 〔本條文適用于一切跟單信譽證，并包括在其適用范圍內的備用(b232。ng)信譽證，對合同各有關方面均具有約束力，除非另有約定。該詞由兩個同義詞 unless和otherwise組成，otherwise有代詞作用，后面一般跟動詞的過去分詞限定，意為“除非另……〞；再如“unless otherwise specified in the Contract / the Letter of Credit〞， 即可譯為“除非合同/信譽證另有規(guī)定〞。,16〕On the FOB basis, the Buyer shall book shipping space in accordance with the date of shipment specified in the contract. 〔按照FOB條件，由買方負責根據(jù)合同規(guī)定的裝運日期(r236?！?同under、pursuant to一樣，上例中的in accordance with是法律文件中常用的詞匯，均作“根據(jù)〞、“按照〞解，比according to正式。,第二節(jié) 合同英語的詞匯(c237。)特點 及翻譯要點,二、用詞正式、準確〔formal and accurate〕 〔二〕注意詞語并列的現(xiàn)象〔juxtaposition〕 國際商務合同力求正式而準確，防止可能出現(xiàn)(chūxi224。有時候是出于嚴謹和杜絕破綻的考慮，有時候也屬于合同用語的固定形式。n)，就不宜分譯成“條件和條款〞，而直接合譯成“條款〞。,17〕This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B。,對于合同中出現(xiàn)的同義詞、近義詞、相關詞的并列現(xiàn)象，翻譯時應仔細考慮單詞的內涵、合同文體以及句法要求等相關因素。奈達的“動態(tài)對等理論〞。 在以上三句中，“made and entered into〞、“amendments to and alteration of 〞、“terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations〞、“force and effect〞是幾組同義詞。bǎo)原文和譯文最大可能地對應起來，真正做到準確嚴謹和標準通順。,類似的表達還有：any and all〔全部(qu225。)〕、any duties, obligations or liabilities〔所有責任〕、applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules〔適用法律法規(guī)〕、charges, fees, costs and expenses〔各種費用〕、covenants and agreements〔合同，協(xié)議〕、customs and usages〔慣例〕、free and clear of〔無〕、import duty and tax〔進口稅捐〕、keep secret and confidential〔保密〕、licenses and permits〔容許〕、null and void〔無效〕、packing and wrapping expenses〔包裝費〕、rights and interests〔權益〕、settle claims and debts〔清理債務〕、ships and vessels〔船只〕、sign and issue〔簽發(fā)〕、support and maintenance〔維護〕、use and wont〔習慣，慣例〕，等等。,第三節(jié) 合同(h233。句子的狀語〔從句〕和定語〔從句〕等附加成分很多，且往往位置明顯，對主句意義進展解釋、限制或補充，一那么可以表達這種文體莊嚴的風格、嚴謹?shù)臉嬙旌兔魑倪壿?；二那么便于排除被曲解、誤解而出現(xiàn)歧義引發(fā)爭端的可能性，維護雙方的合法權益。uq237。 一、長句及其翻譯 二、條件句及其翻譯,31,第三十一頁，共九十五頁。)要點,一、長句及其翻譯 與普通英語相比較而言，商務合同英語中的句子構造就其長度和使用從句的連續(xù)性要復雜得多。最后,分析句子中是否有固定搭配、插入語等其他成分。,20) The Buyer may, within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination, lodge a claim against the Seller for shortweight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor. 這是一個簡單長句，其主干為The Buyer may…lodge a claim…。諸多狀語盡管在原文中位置靈敏，然而在譯文里，須按照漢語的行文標準適當進展調整：方式狀語一般應置于動詞之前(zhīqi225。 貨物抵達目的港15天內，買方可以憑有信譽的公共檢驗員出示的檢驗證明向賣方提出短重索賠。,21〕If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall indemnify and keep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach. 本句的主干是it shall indemnify and keep indemnified. against. the other Party and the company。in addition to 引導的是增補成分，其核心詞remedies也跟了后置定語〔available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws〕?；谝陨戏治觯俳Y合(ji233。)漢語的行文習慣〔條件在前，構造在后以及定語在所修飾的核心詞之前〕，即可翻譯成文。,21〕If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall indemnify and keep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach. 假設一方違背任何其根據(jù)第18.1條或18.2條所作的陳述及擔?；蛑厥?那么另一方除根據(jù)本合同或相關法律尋求任何可能(kěn233。,35,第三十五頁，共九十五頁。)事項，接著再規(guī)定由于什么原因引起的不能交貨或延遲交貨才會免責(miǎn z233。按照漢語的思維習慣，往往先談原因，再講結論，因此采用顛倒順序的譯法更合理。,36,第三十六頁，共九十五頁。 zhǒnɡ)條件，所以條件句的大量使用成為商務合同的一個特點。比方：,37,第三十七頁，共九十五頁?！?25〕In case the Contract terminates prematurely, the Contract Appendices shall like wise terminate.〔假設本合同提早終止(zhōngzhǐ)，那么合同附件也隨之終止(zhōngzhǐ)。,26〕 Should all or part of the contract be unable to be fulfilled owing to the fault of one party, the breaching party shall bear the responsibilities thus caused. Should it be the fault of both parties, they shall bear their respective responsibilities according to actual situations. 〔由于一方的過失，造本錢合同不能履行或不能完全履行時，由過失一方承擔違約責任。 me)根據(jù)實際情況，由雙方分別承擔各自應負的違約責任?！?39,第三十九頁，共九十五頁。fēi)另有規(guī)定，“CFR〞和“CIF〞均應根據(jù)國際商會制定的?2000年國際貿易術語解釋通那么?〔INCOTERMS 2000〕辦理。,歸納上述各例，除了句〔Either Side can replace the representatives it has appointed provided that it submits a written notice to the other Side 〕以外，條件句均置于主句之前，英譯漢時譯成“假設〞或“假設〞即可。該句中的provided that表示合同該條款需作進一步規(guī)定或在作規(guī)定時語氣上的轉折，因此應譯為“但是(d224。)〞才使譯文過渡自然，符合漢語的表達標準，到達功能對等的效果。