【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 or “ said”, some other verbs can also beused, such as “ assumed, believed, considered, estimated, expected，recognized, remended, regarded, reported, supposed”.相當(dāng)于 “It is said +that clause” 結(jié)構(gòu)【例句】He is said to be the richest man in the world.= It is said that he isthe richest man in the 。: to increase something so that it covers a wider area or rangeof （某事物）變大，擴(kuò)大，增大，增加，增強(qiáng)，擴(kuò)展【例句】expand business 擴(kuò)展生意Metals expand when they are 。[相關(guān)詞]expansion ，擴(kuò)展，膨脹: metric ton, measurement of weight, which is equal to 1,000 bulk: in large quantities大批，整批【例句】to buy/ sell in bulk整批或大批購買/出售We always buy in bulk then we will get a big ，這樣我們就能獲得比較大的折扣。 amp。 retail: Wholesale refers to the sale of goods in large quantities at a time，usually to storekeepers or others who will in turn sell them in smallquantities to Retail is the sales of goods in small quantities at a time, directly tothe [相關(guān)詞]wholesaler 批發(fā)商retailer 零售商: a wholesaler who has exclusive rights to market, within agiven territory, the goods of a manufacturer or : to try to win something競(jìng)爭(zhēng)[相關(guān)搭配] pete for: 為?? 而競(jìng)爭(zhēng)【例句】pete for attention 爭(zhēng)著出風(fēng)頭pete for the contract 為贏得合同而競(jìng)爭(zhēng)[相關(guān)搭配] to pete with/ against 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，對(duì)抗比賽【例句】pete with/ against each other 相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)pete with a trading pany for the contract為合同和一家外貿(mào)公司展開競(jìng)爭(zhēng)[相關(guān)詞] petition ，競(jìng)賽petitive ，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的petitor ，比賽者，對(duì)手，敵手 ahead of: surpass, be in a more successful position than勝過，優(yōu)于，領(lǐng)先于【例句】If she works hard, she will surely keep ahead of her an advantage over somebody: to have a better position thansomebody與??相比具有優(yōu)勢(shì)【例句】 She has an advantage over other 。11．give sb./ edge on/over = have an/the edge on/over: have aslight advantage over sb./【例句】The young tennis player definitely had the edge on his older 。II．Difficult Sentences 1)A firm which is just starting up is going into business and a panywhich stops operating goes out of : which is just starting up為定語從句修飾主語a firm。which stops operating為又一個(gè)定語從句修飾主語a up: begin working , running啟動(dòng)，開始go into business: to begin business 開始做生意go out of business: bee bankrupt 破產(chǎn)，倒閉譯文：剛初建起來的公司就開業(yè)了，而停止運(yùn)營的公司就破產(chǎn)停業(yè)了。2）If one year it produces 100 tonnes and the next year it produces 110tonnes, it has increased production by 10%.要點(diǎn): “increase production by”.Here the proposition “by” indicates theamount or degree of increase, and the Chinese for it is ，“to reduce??by” means 減少了。If we use another proposition “to”, it indicates the total amountincluding the part that has been increased “增加到” or reduced, “減少到”。【例句】Our car production has increased by 10% to 33,000 a %，增加到了33，000輛。譯文：如果廠家一年生產(chǎn)100公噸，下一年生產(chǎn)110公噸，它的產(chǎn)量就增加了10%。Word Study 基本用法)a danger(of) may have a(stated)bad result 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，危險(xiǎn)性：【例句】There is a 。The business was insured against the risk of 。2)a danger 危險(xiǎn)：Fishermen face a lot of risks in their daily 。3)（stated）danger , a person or thing that is a(stated)danger for theinsurance(某種)險(xiǎn)；被保人，被保物：【例句】fire risk火險(xiǎn)He is a good 。)place in danger 下賭注：【例句】He risked his 2)take the chance of 冒??的危險(xiǎn)：【例句】He risked his life for honor’s 。相關(guān)搭配：at all risks無論冒多大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)at risk 在危險(xiǎn)中at the risk of 冒著?的危險(xiǎn)相關(guān)詞risky 基本用法)do, acplish, carry out(a place of work)做；完成；實(shí)行：（比 do, carryout 正式）【例句】The doctor performed a difficult 。2)fulfill(a promise, order, etc.)履行，執(zhí)行（允諾，命令）【例句】He performed his duty 。3)direct or go though the form and actions of(a ceremony)指揮或舉行（儀式）【例句】The ceremony was performed on April 。)of machines work(in the proper or intended way)(機(jī)器)操作【例句】Is that new car fulfilling well ? 那輛新車好開嗎? 2)(of people)carry out a particular activity, and with greatskill(人)表現(xiàn)【例句】He performs well under 。相關(guān)詞performance n..1)the action of performing ，履行，實(shí)現(xiàn)2)the action or an act of performing 表演，演出3)the ability to do ，能力performer person(or thing)that performs, actor, musician表演者基本用法)put its former or proper place again 放回【例句】He replaced the book on the 。2)pay back 送還【例句】Has he replaced the borrowed money? 他借的錢還了沒有？3)take the place of 代替，取代【例句】Can anything replace a mother’s love and care? 有什么東西能取代母愛和關(guān)懷嗎？Horses have been replaced by ？相關(guān)詞replacement ，替換 基本用法).the farthest point or place, boundary 界限，界線，邊界【例句】Yao Ming’s fame passed beyond the limits of 。2).the largest(or smallest)extent 限度，范圍，極限【例句】His energy seems to have no 。3).restriction 限制，限定【例句】Is there a speed limit on that throughway? 那條快車道限定車速嗎？ below or at a certain point or amount 限定，限制【例句】Our holidays are limited to two weeks a 。相關(guān)搭配：limit sth./ 限定于【例句】I’ll limit myself to the discussion of this 。within the limits of 在?的范圍內(nèi)without limits無限制的，無限的reach the limit of one’s resources 山窮水盡相關(guān)詞limitation act of limiting 限度，極限，范圍limited a limit, narrow 有限的，限定的，狹窄的limitless limit or end無限的， 基本用法)one of the parts of is divided among several people, ，份兒。份額【例句】Everybody ought to have his proper 。His pany now mands a larger share of trade in the European 。2).one of the equal parts into which the capital of a business firm isdivided 股，股份【例句】The pany was formed with 3000 股組成。 a share with 分享，分擔(dān)，共享，共用【例句】They share their joys and 。Everyone in the house shares the 。相關(guān)搭配：have/take a/ one’s share in 分擔(dān)，參加on/upon shares 共負(fù)盈虧，同甘共苦Grammar Focus Countable and Uncountable Nouns 可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞通常指不能直接計(jì)數(shù)的名詞（如land, advice等），表示材料和成分的物質(zhì)名詞，如coal, oil, air, cloth 等，和表示抽象概念的抽象名詞，music, love, equality, modernization, trade, service，education 等。集合名詞指的是同一類人或物的集合體，其中有的是復(fù)數(shù)含義。例如police, cattle, clothes, people, goods 等；但有的集合名詞也是不可數(shù)名詞，如furniture, equipment, merchandise, machinery 等。1)大多數(shù)名詞直接加s: 如soldier, model, car, joke 等。2)以s, x, ch, sh 結(jié)尾加es: 如 bus, boss, match, sketch 等。但如詞尾ch 的發(fā)音為/k/, 其復(fù)數(shù)要加172。s: 3）以o結(jié)尾的單詞：: 如hero, potato, tomato, echo等。172。s:如 piano, photo, tobacco, memo 等。：如cargo, motto, volcano 等。4)一些以f或fe 結(jié)尾的可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)需要把f 或fe變?yōu)関es。如: half, knife, leaf, life, shelf，thief, wife, wolf 等。5)不規(guī)則變化footfeet, toothteeth, goosegeese,