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成本的經(jīng)濟(jì)分析(編輯修改稿)

2025-03-06 17:49 本頁面
 

【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 will profit by substituting the nowcheaper factor for all the other factors. MP of Labor Price of Labor = MP of Capital Price of Capital 31 背景知識 ? 在資本主義由工場手工業(yè)向大機(jī)器生產(chǎn)過渡的歷史時(shí)期,由于機(jī)器操作的簡單性,女工、童工加入勞動(dòng)行列,勞動(dòng)供給增加。與此同時(shí),大機(jī)器生產(chǎn)要求相對較多的資本,資本的供給相對稀缺。這是導(dǎo)致工人當(dāng)時(shí)生活貧困的主要原因。 ? 當(dāng)資本不斷積累,而生產(chǎn)又要求較為復(fù)雜的勞動(dòng)技能時(shí),在要素市場上,資本不可能總是處于有利的競爭地位。 32 短期成本與長期成本的關(guān)系 成本 產(chǎn)量 長期平均成本 1 畝地 2 畝地 4 畝地 3 畝地 1 畝地更有利 2 畝地更有利 3 畝地更有利 4 畝地更有利 33 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì) 成本 產(chǎn)量 長期平均成本 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì) 規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì) 34 經(jīng)濟(jì)成本和企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì) 35 經(jīng)濟(jì)成本和會(huì)計(jì)成本 ? 經(jīng)濟(jì)成本 ( economic cost):投入生產(chǎn)的所有資源的機(jī)會(huì)成本。 ? 會(huì)計(jì)成本 ( accounting cost):按照會(huì)計(jì)規(guī)則計(jì)算的成本 ? 在會(huì)計(jì)帳面上顯示出來的經(jīng)濟(jì)成本稱為外顯(顯性)成本 ( explicit costs),在會(huì)計(jì)帳面上不能顯示出來的經(jīng)濟(jì)成本稱為 內(nèi)含(隱性)成本 ( implicit costs)。 36 經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤 ? 經(jīng)濟(jì)成本 = 外顯成本 + 內(nèi)含成本 = 機(jī)會(huì)成本 ? 經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤 = 銷售收入 – 經(jīng)濟(jì)成本 ? 經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤是計(jì)入了所有使用的資源代價(jià)后的純收益。 37 一個(gè)體飯館業(yè)主使用自己的店面, 1年盈利 3萬元,這個(gè)3萬元稱之為會(huì)計(jì)利潤。 若不開飯館,在所有可選工作中最高可賺得 2萬元,人力的經(jīng)濟(jì)成本就是 2萬元。如果店面用于出租可以獲得 ,那么店面的經(jīng)濟(jì)成本就是 萬元。 考慮到經(jīng)濟(jì)成本后,這個(gè)個(gè)體飯館業(yè)主的經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤為 - 萬元。 38 收益表 (1) Net sales $250,000 Less cost of goods sold: (2) Materials $50,000 (3) Labor cost 90,000 (4) Miscellaneous operating costs 10,000 (5) Less overhead costs: (6) Selling and administrative costs 15,000 (7) Rent for building 5,000 (8) Depreciation 15,000 (9) Operating expenses $185,000 185,000 (10) Net operating ine $65,000 39 收益表 (10) Net operating ine $65,000 Less: (11) interest charges on equipment loan 6,000 (12) State and local taxes 4,000 (13) Net ine before ine taxes $55,000 (14) Less: Corporation ine taxes 18,000 (15) Net ine (or profit) after taxes $37,000 (16) Less: Dividends paid on mon stock 15,000 (17) Addition or retained earnings $22,000 40 The depreciation is taken in annual accounting charges over the asset’ s accounting lifetime 折舊 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 ∑depreciation = the capital good’ s historical cost or purchase price. Depreciation = the annual cost of a capital input that a pany actually owns itself. 41 資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表 Assets Liabilities and worth Liabilities Current assets: Current liabilities: Cas
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