【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 5/ Slide 37 McClelland’s Theory of Needs (continued) ? McClelland predicts that people will be motivated to seek out and perform well in jobs that match their needs. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 5/ Slide 38 McClelland’s Theory of Needs (continued) ? People with high need for achievement: – Sales jobs or entrepreneurial positions ? People with high need for affiliation: – Social work or customer relations ? People with high need for power: – Journalism and management Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 5/ Slide 39 Research Support for Need Theories ? Support for a simpler twolevel need hierarchy. ? Frustration of relatedness needs increases the strength of existence needs. ? The simplicity and flexibility of ERG theory seem to capture the human need structure better than the greater plexity and rigidity of Maslow’s theory. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 5/ Slide 40 Research Support for Need Theories (continued) ? Research on McClelland’s need theory is generally supportive of the idea that particular needs are motivational when the work setting permits the satisfaction of these needs. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 5/ Slide 41 Managerial Implications of Need Theories ? Appreciate diversity of the needs of individual employees and offer incentives or goals that correspond to them. ? Appreciate the motivational potential of intrinsic motivators and the existence of higherorder needs. ? Higherorder needs will fail to develop unless lowerlevel needs are reasonably well gratified. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 5/ Slide 42 Process Theories of Work Motivation ? Motivation theories that specify the details of how motivation occurs. ? Three important process theories: – Expectancy theory – Equity theory – Goal setting theory Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 5/ Slide 43 Expectancy Theory ? A process theory that states that motivation is determined by the outes that people expect to occur as a result of their actions on the job. ? The basic ponents of Victor Vroom’s expectancy theory are: – Outes – Instrumentality – Valence – Expectancy – Force Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 5/ Slide 44 A Hypothetical Expectancy Model Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 5/ Slide 45 Outes ? The consequences that may follow certain work behaviours. ? Firstlevel outes are of particular interest to the anization (., productivity). ? Expectancy theory is concerned with specifying how an employee might attempt to choose one firstlevel oute (., high productivity) over another (., average productivity). Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 5/ Slide 46 Outes (continued) ? Secondlevel outes are of particular interest to the individual worker such as pay, a sense of acplishment, acceptance by peers, and so on. ? They are the consequences that follow the attainment of a particular firstlevel oute. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 5/ Slide 47 Instrumentality (performanceoute link) ? The probability that a particular firstlevel oute (., high productivity) will be followed by a particular secondlevel oute (., pay). High productivity ? Pay Low productivity ? Pay Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 5/ Slide 48 Valence ? The expected value of outes the extent to which they are attractive or unattractive to the individual. ? The valence of firstlevel outes is the sum of products of the associated secondlevel outes and their instrumentalities. the valence of a particular = ∑ instrumentalities x secondlevel valences firstlevel oute Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 5/ Slide 49 Valence (continued) ? The valence of a firstlevel oute depends on the extent to which it leads to favourable secondlevel outes. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 5/ Slide 50 Expectancy (effort–performance link) ? The probability that the worker can actually achieve a particular firstlevel oute. ? High performance ? Low performance Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 5/ Slide 51 Force ? Force is the end product of the other ponents of the theory. ? It represents the relative degree of effort that will be directed toward various firstlevel outes. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 5/ Slide 52 Force (continued) ? The force directed toward a firstlevel oute is a product of the valence of that oute and the expectancy that it can be achieved: force = firstlevel valence x expectancy ? We can expect an individual’s effort to be directed toward the firstlevel oute that has the largest force product. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 5/ Slide 53 The Premises of Expectancy Theory ? People will be motivated to perform in those work activities that they find attractive and that they feel they can acplish. ? The attractiveness of various work activities depends on the extent to which they lead to favourable personal consequences. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 5/ Slide 54 Expectancy Theory (continued) ? Expectancy theory is based on the perceptions of the individual worker. ? It can handle any form of secondlevel oute that has relevance for the person in question (extrinsic and intrinsic). Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 5/ Slide 55 Expectancy Model for Tony Angelas Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 5/ Slide 56 Expectancy Model for Tony Angelas (continued) ? The valence of high performance: (5 x .6) + (7 x .3) = . ? The valence of average performance: (5 x