【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 hey believe in the transcendence of over soul, an allpervading power for goodness from which all things e and of which all things are a part. 相信精神上的超越，相信無所不能的善的力量，強調(diào)善為萬物之源。代表作家Ralph Waldo Emersion ③作品：“Nature”《論自然》、“Essays”《隨筆錄》、 “The American Scholar”《美國學(xué)者》, our intellectual Declaration of 。④his most important works are “Representative Men ”《代表》and “English Traits”《英國人》、“Poems”《詩集》⑤摘自《論自然》：Standing on the bare ground, my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, all mean egotism vanishes. I bee a transparent eyeball. 人形的約束沒有了。2. NaturalismNaturalism, a more deliberate kind of realism, usually involves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. As a literary movement, naturalism was initiated in France and it came to be led by Zola, who claimed at “scientific” status for his studies of impoverished characters miserably subjected to hunger, sexual obsession, and hereditary defects. Natural fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored corners of modern society. The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. The most significant work of naturalism in English being Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.3. American Dream The American Dream is the faith held by many people in the United States of America that through hard work, courage and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. 4. The Lost Generation The term Lost Generation was coined by Gertrude Stein to refer to a group of American Literary notables who lived in Paris from the time period which saw the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. Significant members included Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, T. S. Eliot, and Gertrude Stein herself. Hemingway likely popularized the term, quoting Stein (“You are all a lost generation”) as epigraph to his novel The Sun Also Rises. More generally, the term is being used for the young adults of Europe and America during World War I. They were “l(fā)ost” because after the war many of them were disillusioned with the world in general and unwilling to more into a settled life.Scott Fitzgerald, “The Great Gatsby” 《了不起的蓋茨比》 novelErnest Hemingway “The Sun Also Rises”《太陽照樣升起》 “A Farwell to Arms”《告別了，武器》5. ModernismModern writing is marked by a strong and conscious break with traditional forms and techniques of expression。 it believes that we create the world in the act of perceiving it. Modernism implies historical discontinuity, a sense of alienation, of loss, and of despair. It elevates the individual and his inner being over social man and prefers the unconscious to the selfconscious.T. S. Eliot’s “The Waste Land”, the most significant American poem of the twentieth century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.6. Romanticism Romanticism as a literary movement came into being in England in the later half of the 18th century. It first made its appearance in England as a renewed interest in medieval literature. William Blake and Robert Burns represented the spirit of what is usually called PreRomanticism. With the publication of William Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads in collaboration with S. T. Coleridge, romanticism began to bloom and found a firm place in history of English literature. In fact, the first half the 19th century recorded the triumph of Romanticism.Romanticism的特點：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of ，都注重道德，強調(diào)個人主義價值觀和直覺感受，并且認為自然是美的源頭，人類社會是腐敗之源。Washington ① the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美國第一位浪漫主義散文文體作家7. Puritanism The principles and practices of puritans were popularly known as Puritanism. Puritanism accepted the doctrines of Calvinism: the sovereignty of God。 the supreme authority of the Bible。 the irresistibility of God’s will for man in every act of life from cradle to grave. These doctrines led the Puritans to examine their souls to find whether they were of the elect and to search the Bible to determine God’s will. the best of Puritan poets is Edward Taylor.詩歌賞析The Wild HoneySuckle 野金銀花By Philip FreneauIt is Philip Morin Freneau39。s poetry. Philip Morin Freneau was a notable American poet, nationalist, polemicist, sea captain and newspaper short lyric was written in 39。s said that the poet was inspired by the beauty of the wild honey suckle when he was walking in a garden.The poet describes his thoughts to readers on the themes of life and death in the form of a blooming flower of life.In the beginning,the poem points out the secluded nature of the place where the honey suckle so ely grew, drawing a conclusion that it was due to nature39。s protectiveness that the flower was able to lead a peaceful life free from men39。s disturbance and poet admired the beauty of nature.Even in these idyllic circumstances, however, the honeysuckle39。 s days are numbered. No one can violate the great law of nature,even under protective wings of an angel or grew in the fate is doomed.The poem39。s philosophical weight resides in the final nothing once, you nothing though fate is tells us to be optimistic when you face the difficulty. And be sure of what you like and love your life.The poet used many figures of speech in the poem.First,It39。s poet used you to describe the Wild Honey Suckle.Second, It39。s thy honeyed blossoms blow. Unseen thy little br