【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 traitor.vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv七．Analogy (類比) Analogy: (類比)It is also a form of parison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses parison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several mon qualities or points of resemblance.Analogy pares two things, which are alike in several respects, for the purpose of explaining or clarifying some unfamiliar or difficult idea or object by showing how the idea or object is similar to some familiar one. While simile and analogy often overlap, the simile is generally a more artistic likening, done briefly for effect and emphasis, while analogy serves the more practical end of explaining a thought process or a line of reasoning or the abstract in terms of the concrete, and may therefore be more extended. You may abuse a tragedy, though you cannot write one. You may scold a carpenter who has made you a bad table, though you cannot make a table. It is not your trade to make tables. Samuel Johnson He that voluntarilyd, and one cannot untie a knot if he is ignorant of it. Aristotle Notice in these examples that the analogy is used to establish the pattern of reasoning by using a familiar or less abstract argument which the reader can understand efbdbdfbdfbasily and probably agree with. Some analogies simply offer an explanation for c continues ignorance is guilty of all the crimes which ignorance produces, as trrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrro him that should extinguish the tapers of a lighthouse fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffmight justly be imputed the calamities of shipwrecks. Samuel Johnson .For answers successfully arrived at are solutions to difficulties previously discusse larification rather than a substitute argument: Knowledge always desires increase: it is like fire, which must first be kindled by some external agent, but which will afterwards propagate itself. Samuel Johnson The beginning of all evil temptations is inconstancy of mind, and too little trust in God. For as a ship without a guide is driven hither and thither with every storm, so an unstable man, that anon leaveth his good purpose in God, is diversely tempted. The fire provdfbdfbdfeth gold, and temptation proveth the righteous man. Thomas a Kempis When the matter is plex and the analogy particularly useful for explaining it, the analogy can be extended into a rather long, multiplepoint parison: The body is a unit, though it is made up of many parts。 and though all its parts are many, they form one body. So it is with Christ. (And so forth, to the end of the chapter.] l Cor. 12:12 (NIV) The importance of simile and analogy for teaching and writing cannot be overemphasized. To impress this upon you better, I would like to step aside a moment and offer two persuasive quotations: The country parson is full of all knowledge. They say, it is an ill mason that refuseth any stone: and there is no knowledge, but, in a skilful hand, serves either positively as it is, or else to illustrate some other knowledge. He condescends even to the knowledge of tillage, and pastorage, and makes great use of them in teaching, because people by what they understand arevvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv best led to what they understand not. George Herbert To illustrate one thing by its resemblance to another has been always the most popular and efficacious art of instruction. There is indeed no othrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrer method of teaching that of which anyone is ignorant but by means of something already known。 and a mind so enlarged by contemplation and enquiry that it has always many objects within its view will seldom be long without some near and familiar image through which an easy transition may be made to truths more distant and obscure. Samuel Johnson Figures of Emphasis and UnderstatementEuphemism（委婉）bdfbdfbdfbfbHyperbole（夸張）Understatement（低調(diào)陳述）Contrast（對照）ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffAntithesis（平行對照）Parallelism（平行）Repetition（反復）Oxymoron（矛盾修飾）Parody(仿擬) Zeugma(軛式搭配) Allusion（引喻）Irony（反語）Climax（層遞）Anticlimax（突降）一．Euphemism（委婉）Euphemism: (委婉) It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(無冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to die as pass away.★Euphemism（委婉）， 以文雅、悅耳或溫婉來代替粗野、刺耳或直露。借助語音、語法、詞匯，表達生活中使人尷尬、惹人不快、招人厭惡或令人恐vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv懼的事物。Euphemism又叫sweet talk（甜言蜜語），gilded words（鍍金的字眼）或cosmetic words（化裝詞）有關疾病、殘疾、衰老、死亡★疾病Look off colour（氣色不好，指身體有?。﹗nder the weather（在惡劣天氣條件下，指健康欠佳）not all there（神志不清，rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr實指患精神病）long illness（久病，實指癌癥）dxbfdbdfbsocial disease（實指艾滋?。?。替代illness或disease婉稱疾病的詞有condition, disorder, problem, trouble等?！餁埣睤isabled（喪失能力的）handicapped（受到障礙的），,inconvenienced（行動不便的）,hard of hearing（聽覺困難的），auditoryimpaired（聽覺損傷的）表示“耳聾的“；sightdeprived（被剝奪視力的）visually retarded（視力上有障礙的）指“失明”?！锼ダ?“衰老”的委婉說法Advanced in age（年歲上先行的）past one’s prime（已過壯年）feel one’ age（感覺上了年紀）vvvvdfbdbvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvgolden age（金色歲月）sunset years（日落之年）表示“老人”senior citizen（資深的公民），the longer living（生活經(jīng)歷較長者）。★.死亡多達上百條。如，go west（西去），bedfbdfbdfb at rest（安息），be asleep in the Arms of God（安睡在上帝的懷抱中），go the way of all flesh（走眾生rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr之路），join one’s ancestors（加入祖先的行列），return to dust（歸之塵土），breathe one’s last（作最后一次呼吸），pass away（離去），run one’s race（跑完自己的賽程），be no longer with us（與我們永別了）?！镉嘘P人體、排泄、性愛、生育“赤身露體”In the altogether（全體），in a state of nature（處于天然狀態(tài)），in one’s birthday suit(身著生日服裝)“女性乳房”globes（球體）ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffapples（蘋果）curves（曲線）charms（迷人之處）表示“陰部”、“生殖器”private parts（私處）外，affair（事情），it（它），thing（東西），place（地方），whatdoyoucallit（那玩意兒）.Pass air（排氣），let a breezer（刮一陣微風），make a noise“放屁”；“大小便wash one’s hands（洗洗手）relieve oneself（讓自己rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr輕松一下），get s