【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 w It has no specific length. Generally the summary is no longer than 10 percent of the original. w See Sample 66What kind of summary is it?Computer Crime The author addresses the criminology of puter crime—why puters are chosen as targets for criminal purposes and how to secure them against such unlawful uses. The strengths and weaknesses of existing prosecutorial and investigatory machinery are explored. Federal and state laws governing puter crime reanalyzed. The evidentiary problems in prosecuting and convicting puter criminals and current cases are examined.Key: It is a descriptive summary (Summary of a Book Review). Communicative Purposes of Summaries w The purposes of summaries is to inform, to present, the principal facts and conclusions given in the original work. w Giving summaries is part of the work in the business munity, such as reports, articles, speeches, or discussions being condensed for a superior too busy to read or hear the original. w 概要的交際目的是讓讀者盡快了解文章的主要內(nèi)容。概要寫(xiě)作 ≠ 心得感想Objective and Faithful內(nèi)容客觀，忠實(shí)原文 216。 When one writes a summary, one should not interpret or ment. 216。 All one has to do is to give the gist of the author’s exact and essential meaning.216。 概要是使用讀者自己的語(yǔ)言對(duì)一篇較長(zhǎng)文章的基本內(nèi)容加以總結(jié)，不是對(duì)原文進(jìn)行釋義，或變換措辭，而是在原文內(nèi)容基礎(chǔ)上的提煉。216。 概要中所有內(nèi)容要客觀，要忠實(shí)原文，既不能漏掉基本內(nèi)容，也不要隨意增加內(nèi)容。 The summary omits introductory matter, details, examples, illustrations—everything except the major ideas and facts. 216。 It reproduces the theme of the original with as few words as possible. 216。 概要寫(xiě)作要求在正確理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，用精煉的詞句高度濃縮文章的主要內(nèi)容和觀點(diǎn)，不應(yīng)包含細(xì)節(jié)、例證以及資料性、闡述性的內(nèi)容。Rewrite the following paragraph in a sentence:She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation. She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.216。 The length of a summary varies according to its purpose。 however, it should generally be no more than onethird or onefourth the length of the original. 216。 嚴(yán)格遵守篇幅的限制，通常為原文篇幅的1/3或1/4。w Task：Identify the topic sentence of each of the following paragraphs There are several reasons why Toby likes his new job. To begin with, he now has more free time. He goes to work later in the morning and gets home earlier in the evening. Furthermore, he now makes more money. His weekly pay check has increased from $75 to $130. Above all, he now has a better chance for advancement. The skills he is learning will help him to qualify for a much higherpaying position. w 例文主要說(shuō)明Toby喜歡新工作的原因，本段的主題句應(yīng)該是第一句：“There are several reasons why Toby likes his new job”。主題句陳述的中心是“為什么”的問(wèn)題。How can you protect yourself from the danger of lightning? For one thing, when you are at home, keep away from the stove, fireplace, and windows. For another, don’t take a bath or a shower during a storm, as water carries electricity easily. Third, if you are outdoors, get into a building or car, if possible. Fourth, stay off hilltop and away from any tree or tower that stands by itself. Fifth, if you can’t get away quickly from a beach, a field, or other open place, lie down until the storm moves away. w 例文的主要內(nèi)容是告訴人們?nèi)绾尾拍鼙苊馐茏匀滑F(xiàn)象雷電的打擊，該段的主題句是：“How can you protect yourself from the danger of lightening？”。 該主題句是以疑問(wèn)句的形式表達(dá)肯定的意思，即“There are several ways of protecting yourself from the danger of lightening.”。 Procedures for Writing a Summary w Understand the text。w Underline the sentences that are important for the summary。w Divide the text into paragraphs。w Find headings for the different paragraphs。w Write down keywords (not more than 20) which are important for the summary。w Write the summary in your own words using conjunctions, relative clauses or participle constructions。w Reread the original work。 then check the summary for accuracy of fact and emphasis.Summary Writing1．仔細(xì)閱讀原文，直到完全讀懂為止。2．寫(xiě)下原文的中心思想。3．每個(gè)摘要都應(yīng)該有標(biāo)題。Sales promotionsThe effects of promotional efforts on the last three months’ salesmicro puters Report on the value of micro puters in the accounts department recent correspondence Summary of correspondence with Worldwide Dealers Company within the last 6 weeksSummary Writing4．寫(xiě)下原文中其他的思想和要點(diǎn)。在這樣做的時(shí)候，1）必要的（essential）。 2）非必要但相關(guān)的（relevant but not essential）。 3）不相關(guān)的（irrelevant）。在做摘要的時(shí)候，必須包括要點(diǎn)。5．寫(xiě)初稿。初稿應(yīng)該包括所有要點(diǎn)。在這個(gè)階段你要決定你的摘要大致該多長(zhǎng)。找出下面段落中實(shí)質(zhì)性信息和非實(shí)質(zhì)性信息。 One method of conducting a market survey is known as “direct mail shot”. In other words, it is sending your pany’s advertisements or product information directly to the customer’s residence.w Essential: First sentence (實(shí)質(zhì)信息：第一句)w Inessential: Second sentence (非實(shí)質(zhì)信息：第二句)Summary Writing6．修改初稿。你可以去除多余的字句，調(diào)整句子順序。7．仔細(xì)檢查一遍拼寫(xiě)和語(yǔ)法，并核對(duì)一下，要點(diǎn)是否都包括了。檢查概要中確切字?jǐn)?shù)、拼寫(xiě)、語(yǔ)法和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。 Problems and Solutionsw A summary must agree with the original material in two ways: in the presentation of factual information and in the emphasis given the information. w Wood posts can be expected to last at least 30 years if they have been pressure treated and handled properly. w Pressuretreated and properly handled wood posts last at least 30 years. w Do not misrepresent the emphasis placed on information in the original material. w Do not overemphasize or underemphasize the information. w Do not emphasize a minor point in the original report. Do the task on page 63 Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. Summary Writing for Narrative and Exposition（記敘文和說(shuō)明文的概要寫(xiě)作）Temporary Help A Specialist Servicew Despite record unemployment, there are simply not enough adequately skilled secretaries in Manchester to cope with projected office needs in the next few years. Secretarial work is one of the few areas of the economy that has expanded since 1960 regardless of recession