【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 orce, pr om ot ing t he Gover nm ent t o play an act ive r ole in t he wor k as a whole. Working ar ound Gover nm ent Cent er im plem entation super vision int ensif ied, br oadened and im pr oved ef ficiency, do check t he f r uit , f r uit , assisting t he Gover nm ent in im plem entation of t he Assist ant r ole t o play, a power f ul im pet us t o t he r ealization of t he obj ect ives of t he Gover nm ent. 2, t he ser vice ar eas t o f ur t her expand. The f ul im plem ent ation of t he open gover nm ent pilot pr oj ect , st r engt hening car rier constr uction, innovative f or ms of public, deepening public cont ent , ext ends t he open r ange, r egulat e public pr ocedur es, est ablishm ent of a cit y, Count y, Township and vil lage level adm inist r at ion syst em, t o m eet t he people39。s r ight t o know, cr eat es condit ions f or t he ef f ect ive exercise of super vision. Developm ent issued t he XX, m att er s of signif icant public policy im plem ent at ion m easur es, such as t he quest ion of hearing 6 syst em , open Gover nment cont inues t o pr om ot e in dept h. Est ablished opened t he cit y ( Count y) long public phones, solving a num ber of concer n people39。s im m ediat e int er est s and pr oduce hot spot s and dif f icult pr oblem s in l if e, by all sect or s of t he m unit y alike. Univer sal Chief was built st ar ting at t he cit y and county levelsHall m asses, ser ve t he m unit y f or t he Gover nm ent o play a bet t er Windows and t ie. Wit h t he syst em of Gover nment Of f ice f or hub, connect ing t he Count y ( distr ict ) and t he depart m ent s of m unicipal gover nm ent Web sit es and Of fice decision m aking ser vice syst em has been built in t he cit y, Gover nment Of f ice local ar ea work est ablished, signif icantly acceler at e t he pace of of fice aut omat ion and inf orm ation wor k. 3, im proved qualit y and pr oduct ivit y wit h new wor k. Cit y levels Gover nm ent Of f ice put pur suit qualit y and eff iciency as measure Of fice over all wor k level of im por t ant st andar d, pendulum in highlight locat ion, ar ound ser vice over all, and pay close at tention t o t he im plem ent ation t his cent ral, r ight pr ocessing inher it ed and innovat ion, and f ul and f ocus, and on Shang ser vice and on Xia ser vice of r elat ionship, bold innovat ion, f ocused on eff ect iveness, pr esentation of policy sex, and t argeted and 鐵路工程土工試驗(yàn)講義 一、概述 土的形成 土是巖石風(fēng)化的產(chǎn)物。 物理風(fēng)化 巖石暴露在大氣層內(nèi)，受風(fēng)、霜、雨、雪的侵蝕，以及受溫度升降變化的影響，裂隙水結(jié)冰等原因，使巖石崩解成塊。 化學(xué)風(fēng)化 這些碎塊再與水、二氧化碳、氧氣接觸發(fā)生化學(xué)作用。 生物風(fēng)化 巖石在風(fēng)化過(guò)程中與自然界的生物發(fā)生相互作用。 土與工程的關(guān)系 地基 作為建筑物 (橋涵、樓房等 )或構(gòu)筑物 (路基等 )的地基； 填料 作為土工構(gòu)筑物 (路基、堤壩等 )的填料； 介質(zhì) 作為構(gòu)筑物 (渠道、黃土 隧道等 )的周?chē)橘|(zhì)。 土工試驗(yàn)的重要意義 土用于地基，會(huì)出現(xiàn)地基的變形和穩(wěn)定問(wèn)題；用作填料，存在土的壓實(shí)和變形問(wèn)題；用于介質(zhì)，需考慮土的滲流和抗?jié)B穩(wěn)定性問(wèn)題。研究解決以上問(wèn)題，涉及到土的物理、力學(xué)、化學(xué)性能。要評(píng)價(jià)土的以上性能，須通過(guò)土工試驗(yàn)來(lái)獲取土的各項(xiàng)性能指標(biāo)。尤其在研究不良地基處理方案時(shí)，實(shí)測(cè)的實(shí)驗(yàn)指標(biāo)是優(yōu)選技術(shù)措施的重要依據(jù)。 對(duì)土工試驗(yàn)人員的要求 由于土工試驗(yàn)成果因試驗(yàn)方法和試驗(yàn)技巧的熟練程度不同，會(huì)有較大的差別，這種差別遠(yuǎn)大于計(jì)算方法引起的誤差。為了使土工試驗(yàn)比較正確地反映實(shí)際土的性狀， 要求試驗(yàn)人員了解和掌握以下五個(gè)問(wèn)題： ① .試驗(yàn)的目的和所依據(jù)的原理； ② .使用的儀器設(shè)備性能和操作方法； ③ .試驗(yàn)應(yīng)獲得哪些數(shù)據(jù)、分析出什么結(jié)論； ④ .試驗(yàn)中的注意事項(xiàng)、誤差的初步分析； ⑤ .分析試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)際問(wèn)題的聯(lián)系 概括地說(shuō)土工試驗(yàn)人員要具備：一有基本理論，二有基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，三有基本技能。 練習(xí)題 ① .(填空 )工程試驗(yàn)工作的依據(jù)是 ( )。 ② . (填空 )鐵路工程 土工試驗(yàn)規(guī)程的現(xiàn)行有效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)代號(hào)為（ ）。 ③ 、 (填空 )鐵路 工程地基或路基填料易溶鹽的檢測(cè)執(zhí)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)代號(hào)為 ( )。 二、土工試驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目 土工試驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目應(yīng)根據(jù)土的用途決定： 室內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)。 ① .土的物理性能試驗(yàn)：含水率、密度、顆粒密度、界限含水率、顆粒分析、滲透、擊實(shí)等。試驗(yàn)成果用于土的工程分類，土的狀態(tài)的判定，滲透計(jì)算，填土工程施工方法的選擇和碾壓質(zhì)量控制。 ② .砂的相對(duì)密度試驗(yàn)：包括砂的最大和最小孔隙比的測(cè)定，由此確定砂的相對(duì)密度，判定砂的疏密狀態(tài)。 ③ .土的變形試驗(yàn)：包括固結(jié)、壓縮、濕陷性和膨脹性等。這些試驗(yàn)為工程設(shè)計(jì)提供變形參數(shù)： 壓縮系數(shù)、壓縮模量、體積壓縮系數(shù)、壓縮指數(shù)、回彈指數(shù)、前期固結(jié)壓力、固結(jié)系數(shù)、濕陷系數(shù)、自重濕陷系數(shù)、膨脹率、膨脹力等。 ④ .土的強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)：包括直接剪切試驗(yàn)、反復(fù)直接剪切試驗(yàn)、三軸壓縮試驗(yàn)、無(wú)側(cè)限抗壓強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)等。這guide sex f urt her enhanced, docum ents handle and r unning of speed obviously s peed up, pr ogr am gr adually specif ication, conf er ence ser vice and Chief r ecept ion of qualit y and level has has new of im pr ove, Logistics suppor t capabilt y f ur t her st r engt hened. Docum ent m anagement, confident ial, confident ialit y, dut y, let t er s and ot her it em s have been signif icant ly im pr oved. 4, Of fice const r uction incr eased at all levels. Cit y Gover nm ent of fices adher e t o st r engt hen and im pr ove t he constr uct ion of t he syst em as a br eakt hr ough, has developed a ser ies of code of conduct, continuous im pr ovem ent of oper ational m echanism, sound and t he im plem ent ation of t he r ules and r egulat ions, and adher e t o t he syst em of m anaging people, accor ding t o t he r ules, t he wor k gr adualy int o t he or bit of inst it ut ionalizat ion and st andar dizat ion. Focus on st r engthening ideological and polit ical const r uction of t he contingent of cadres, and actively car r ied out various business t r aining, knowledge of t he Of fice t eam st r uct ur e has been optim ized, t o br oaden t he r ange of knowledge and oper ational capacit y gr ows, nur tur ed a polit ical f ir m , shar p, pr of essional and innovat ive st aff , cr eat ed solidar it y, str iving f or t he t op, pr agm at ic, dedicat ion, good im age. However , wit h t he St at e Council and t he pr ovincial Gover nm ent of t he nat ional, t he pr ovince39。s Secr et ary Gener al m eet ing of governm ent of fices under t he new sit uat ion t he f unct ions and pr ior it ies par ed t o t he r equir em ents of our gap is st il ver y big. M ain is dai ly in t he passive m eet of m or e, active r esearch of less, ser vice also has not t im ely, and not in place of pr oblem。 wor k in t he m eet Yu t r adit ional of , and pr ogram of of wor k way, develop innovat ion spir it and ser vice innovat ion c apacit y not str ong。 super vision inf or m at ion wor k and pr om ot ed decision im plem entation of cont act enough close, f eedback sit uat ion not active。 r esear ch r esour ces of using enough f ul, r esearch r e