【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 41189； ： 18世紀(jì)的英國，在工業(yè)革命之初，盡管在機(jī)械化和新的商業(yè)組織形式上發(fā)生了變化，但產(chǎn)品的種類，特別是日常生活用品的類型并無顯著變化，仍然是家具、陶瓷和小五金一類的產(chǎn)品。 切普代爾（ Thomas Chippendale， 1718— 1799）、 魏德伍德（ Josiah Wedgwood， 1730— 1795） 和保爾頓（ Matthew Bowlton， 1728— 1809） 等一些企業(yè)家和發(fā)明家，不斷涌現(xiàn)出來，率先在藝術(shù)與工業(yè)之間架起了橋梁。 第三節(jié) 18世紀(jì)的設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格 工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)史 The History of Industrial design ： ； :； ： 與建筑業(yè)一樣， 18世紀(jì)的家具生產(chǎn)仍然是以傳統(tǒng)的手工藝為主。家具業(yè)已不再是一種地方性的工業(yè)，但又沒有完全商業(yè)化。從行會禁錮中解放出來的英國家具業(yè)中，自由企業(yè)紛紛成立，這就導(dǎo)致了銷售渠道迅速地重新改組。 企業(yè)家在組織生產(chǎn)和銷售兩個方面起著越來越重要的作用。不少企業(yè)家以倫敦為中心，積極推銷產(chǎn)品。他們的家具主要是為新興的中產(chǎn)階級市場生產(chǎn)的，而不是像先前那樣為貴族階層訂做產(chǎn)品。 第四節(jié) 切普代爾與 18世紀(jì)的 家具業(yè) 工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)史 The History of Industrial design ： ； :； ： 切普代爾出身木匠世家，他于 1753年在倫敦開設(shè)了自己的產(chǎn)品展廳，就此開創(chuàng)了自己的事業(yè)。 1754年，他出版了樣本圖集《紳士與家具指南》，作為公司的廣告宣傳。這本書中家具插圖包括了從古典式、洛可可式、中國式直到哥特式的各種風(fēng)格， 切普代爾有名的風(fēng)格之一是出自中國的所謂 “ 中國風(fēng) ” ，這種風(fēng)格是隨著東方貿(mào)易的開展而發(fā)展起來的，在 17501760年間成了女性閨房中極為時髦的式樣。 第四節(jié) 切普代爾與 18世紀(jì)的 家具業(yè) 工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)史 The History of Industrial design ： ； :； ： 第四節(jié) 切普代爾與 18世紀(jì)的 家具業(yè) 工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)史 The History of Industrial design ： ； :； ： 切普代爾的家具有自己的一貫手法， 16把切普代爾生產(chǎn)的椅子所有的靠背均不同。但腿則都遵循一種基本形式，前腿是直的，后腿略為向外彎曲，其中有 5把支持椅腿的木撐也是按同樣的方式布置的，其余的變化也很小。這些椅子中，人們可以看到一種肯定的結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯的意識。 第四節(jié) 切普代爾與 18世紀(jì)的 家具業(yè) 工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)史 The History of Industrial design ： ； :； ： 第四節(jié) 切普代爾與 18世紀(jì)的 家具業(yè) 工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)史 The History of Industrial design ： ； :； ： 18世紀(jì)家具制造業(yè)最重要的一個方面是勞動的不斷專業(yè)化，這推進(jìn)了在生產(chǎn)前進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品規(guī)劃的思想，使設(shè)計(jì)、繪圖員成了家具公司的雇員。這些公司越來越重視在全國范圍內(nèi)積極推銷產(chǎn)品，而不限于滿足當(dāng)?shù)氐男枰?。大多?shù)公司都在倫敦繁華區(qū)設(shè)立了產(chǎn)品展銷廳，以擴(kuò)大影響。 第四節(jié) 切普代爾與 18世紀(jì)的 家具業(yè) 工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)史 The History of Industrial design ： ； :； ： Chippendale chairs Find out how to identify Chippendale furniture and a little about the man who started the Chippendale style. Thomas Chippendale was a furniture maker of the mid to late 18th century. He was probably born in 1718 but there is no record of his birth, only his baptism in that year. He was the son of an Otley, Yorkshire, England carpenter and most likely an apprentice to his father. 第四節(jié) 切普代爾與 18世紀(jì)的 家具業(yè) 工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)史 The History of Industrial design ： ； :； ： Chippendale chairs There are no records of his early life and training but by 1753 he was established in London as a furniture maker. In 1754 he published the first of three editions of his Gentleman and CabiMaker’s Director, a catalogue of English furniture design. This book is probably the major reason he is one of the world’s bestknown furniture makers ever. The description Chippendale has been applied to much of the wellmade, English furniture of the 18th century. This is not because the furniture was made by Thomas Chippendale or his factory but because the word Chippendale has bee synonymous with a distinguishable style. Surviving furniture actually made by Thomas Chippendale would be rare to the extreme and would require a verifiable provenance. 第四節(jié) 切普代爾與 18世紀(jì)的 家具業(yè) 工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)史 The History of Industrial design ： ； :； ： Chippendale chairs Gentleman and CabiMaker’s Director is the picture book of the Chippendale style. This catalogue allowed wealthy patrons to pick out particular elements for their furniture and the furniture would then be custom made for them by the Chippendale workshop. The Chippendale style reflected many elements of the Rococo, Chinese, Gothic and, later, the Neoclassical styles. 第四節(jié) 切普代爾與 18世紀(jì)的 家具業(yè) 工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)史 The History of Industrial design ： ； :； ： Chippendale chairs The Chippendale style didn’t remain within the confines of the Chippendale workshops very long. So popular were the designs with the wealthy class of the mid18th century that soon other furniture makers were using Gentleman and CabiMaker’s Director as a pattern book for their shops, too. The patterns were not really entirely the creation of Thomas Chippendale, but improved, stylized or modernized versions of popular existing patterns. When we talk about Chippendale furniture today, what we are really talking about is wellconstructed, mid to late18th century furniture of the Chippendale style. 第四節(jié) 切普代爾與 18世紀(jì)的 家具業(yè) 工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)史 The History of Industrial design ： ； :； ： Chippendale chairs Wood used in this style of furniture was generally mahogany. Though veneers were used for furniture of this period, they are not typical of the Chippendale style. Solid wood was used to acmodate the elaborate carving found in this style. Modern reproductions of the Chippendale style will often be hand carved but will not have the depth and detail of carving that genuine 18th century furniture has. 第四節(jié) 切普代爾與 18世紀(jì)的 家具業(yè) 工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)史 The History of Industrial design ： ； :； ： Chippendale chairs Another feature of 18th century wood furniture is its irregularity. All the work on this furniture was done by hand and often quite exquisitely. However, handwork, no matter how well done, will not be able to match the exact regularity of machine work. When you examine a piece of wood furniture for the purpose of determining its age, look at the joinery closely. It will reveal a lot about the history of the piece. Hand crafted joints will be slightly irregular and may evidence tool marks, too. 第四節(jié) 切普代爾與 18世紀(jì)的 家具業(yè) 工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)史 The History of Industrial design ： ； :； ：