【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 aw than an empirical regularity…。介詞for加關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾a regularity。an empirical regularity后又有定語從句that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories修飾。grounds意為“根據(jù)，理由”。subsume意為“把…歸入，納入”。譯文：因此，與一條不能被歸入更普遍的法則或理論而是基于經(jīng)驗(yàn)的規(guī)律相比，一條具有普遍理論依據(jù)支持的規(guī)律很可能被認(rèn)可為一條自然法則。17. It is because of the close association in most people’s minds of tools with man that special attention has always been focused upon any animal able to use an object as a tool，but it is important to realize that this ability，on its own，does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerned.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是It is because of…that…，but it is important to realize that…。but連接兩個并列句，but前的并列分句為It is…that…強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，強(qiáng)調(diào)because of引導(dǎo)的狀語。but后的并列分句又有that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句做realize的賓語。the close association in most people’s minds of tools with man中注意in most people’s minds把the close association of tools with man（工具與人類的密切聯(lián)系）分隔開來。兩個并列句中分別有able to use an object as a tool和concerned分別做其前面名詞animal和the creature的后置定語。man根據(jù)上下文在此處指“人類”，而不是“男人”。not necessarily譯為“不一定、未必”。on its own意為“獨(dú)立地，憑自己力量”，在此轉(zhuǎn)譯為“就其自身而言”。譯文： 正是由于在大多數(shù)人頭腦中工具與人類聯(lián)系密切，人類才特別關(guān)注有能力把物體當(dāng)工具使用的任何一種動物。但值得注意的是，這種能力就其自身而言，并不表明這種動物有什么特別的智慧。18. The point at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance is surely when an animal can adapt its ability to manipulate objects to a wide variety of purposes，and when it can use an object spontaneously to solve a brandnew problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是The point…is…when…and when…。兩個when引導(dǎo)的從句為并列的表語從句。at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance為定語從句修飾主語the point。第二個when引導(dǎo)的表語從句中也有that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾a brandnew problem。ability to manipulate objects譯為“操縱物體的能力”?！璦 brandnew problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble中without和insoluble為雙重否定可譯成肯定句。譯文：當(dāng)一種動物能夠使自己操縱物體的能力適用于更廣泛的目標(biāo)范圍，并且能夠自發(fā)地使用物體解決只有通過工具才能解決的嶄新問題時(shí)，工具的使用和制造就肯定達(dá)到了具有進(jìn)化意義的階段。19. It was the desire to be scholarly that brought about a wxdye of Latin terms which appeared in the 16th century when the humanist movement brought new impetus to learning throughout Europe.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是It was the desire…that brought about a wxdye…。it is…that…是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，強(qiáng)調(diào)主語the desire to be scholarly。關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾Latin terms。關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾century。句中scholarly做“博學(xué)多才”講。humanist movement譯為“人文主義運(yùn)動”。impetus意為“動力,促進(jìn)”。譯文：在16世紀(jì)的時(shí)候，人文主義運(yùn)動促進(jìn)了歐洲各國的學(xué)術(shù)運(yùn)動，人們都想顯示自己的博學(xué)多才，從而出現(xiàn)了一股使用拉丁字詞的潮流。20. So don’t be surprised if you never encounter some of the expressions that still appear in school textbooks。 and next time you hear somebody using a strange word you hxdyen’t heard before，you can fort yourself that there may well be a native speaker somewhere who doesn’t know it either.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是…don’t be surprised if you…。and next time…，you can fort yourself that…。分號連接兩個并列分句。在前面句子中，if引導(dǎo)狀語從句。關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾expressions。在后面句子中，you hear…是省略了關(guān)系副詞when的定語從句，修飾next time。 you hxdyen’t heard before又是省略了關(guān)系代詞which的定語從句，修飾strange word。主句是you can fort yourself that…，這里的that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，而關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾native speaker。may和well連用表示有充分的理由，譯為“（完全）能，（很）可能”。 譯文：因此，如果在某些教科書里你碰到某些詞組是你從未見過的，你不必驚訝。如果下次你聽到有人用一個你以前從未聽到過的新詞，你可以這樣安慰自己說，很可能在什么地方有一個講英語的本地人也不認(rèn)識這個字呢!21. Despite the saying that one never knows if lightning strikes him，a person can sometimes feel the bolt ing and if quick enough，take protective action in time.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是a person can…feel the bolt and…take protective action…。and連接兩個并列的謂語動詞。句首despite是介詞引導(dǎo)介詞短語作狀語，此短語中that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句做saying的同位語，此同位語從句中，if lightning…是一個名詞性從句，作know的賓語，if在句中相當(dāng)于whether。主句中if quick enough補(bǔ)充完整為if he is quick enough，是條件狀語從句，為take action的前提條件。句中bolt譯為“閃電”。譯文:盡管人們常說一個人從來不知道是否遭到閃電的襲擊，但是一個人有時(shí)能感覺到閃電的到來，如果動作快，就能及時(shí)采取保護(hù)措施。22. The“shareholder”as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the pany in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是The“shareholder”as such had no knowledge…, and his influence…was not good.。and連接兩個并列的分句。as such做The“shareholder”的定語，employed by the pany in which he held shares是過去分詞短語作定語，修飾workmen，分詞短語中含有in which he held shares定語從句，修飾pany。譯文：這樣的股東，對他擁有股份的公司里所雇用的工人們的生活、思想和需求一無所知，而且他們對勞資雙方的關(guān)系，也不會產(chǎn)生積極的影響。23. The paid manager acting for the pany was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是The paid manager was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen…。acting for the pany做the paid manager的定語，which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away做that familiar personal knowledge的定語，now passing away做the old family business的定語。譯文:受聘于公司并代表公司的經(jīng)理與工人及其需求的關(guān)系更加直接，但是,就連他對工人們也沒有那種熟識的私人之間的了解。而在現(xiàn)在，正在消失的古老家族公司的那種更加家長式制度下的雇主們，卻常常對他們的工人有這樣的私人關(guān)系。24. When a journalist recently accused the pany of lacking integrity in its testing of beauty products，the pany overtly appealed to the public by citing its corporate brand，which was firmly associated in people’s minds with strong ethical standards concerning animal rights.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是When…，the pany overtly appealed to the public…。when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。主句中關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾corporate brand，此定語從句中in people’s minds把a(bǔ)ssociated with分隔開來。beauty products譯為“美容產(chǎn)品”。譯文：有一名記者近日指責(zé)該公司在美容產(chǎn)品的測試上缺乏整體性，該公司公開利用其公司品牌求助于公眾。在公眾的心目中，該品牌同關(guān)系到動物權(quán)利的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)息息相關(guān)。25. However，the criminals quickly came to realize that the real value in the puters is in the chip which is remarkably portable and unidentifiable，so even when caught the police hxdye trouble proving the theft.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是the fraternity…came to realize that…so…the police hxdye trouble…。這是一個并列復(fù)合句，兩個句子由so連接。在前面句子里that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，做realize的賓語。此從句中又有which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾the chip。 so后面句子里when caught是過去分詞做狀語，when caught即when the thief was caught。 proving是現(xiàn)在分詞，修飾trouble。 譯文: 但偷盜者認(rèn)識到，電腦中真正值錢的