【正文】 .. . . ..難句在考研閱讀、完型填空和翻譯中的出現(xiàn)頻率很高，無(wú)論句子有多長(zhǎng)、結(jié)構(gòu)有多復(fù)雜，它都由一些基本的成分組成的。從結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)句子中，除了謂語(yǔ)之外，其它的成分均可以由從句或者非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)充當(dāng)。從句子本身是一個(gè)完整的句子，因此，從句與從句之間的關(guān)系可能包孕、套嵌，也可能并列，平行。從功能來(lái)說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)有三大復(fù)合句，即:①名詞性從句，包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。②形容詞性從句，即我們平常所說(shuō)的定語(yǔ)從句。③狀語(yǔ)從句。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有自己的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)（過去分詞除外），也可以跟自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等成分，構(gòu)成一個(gè)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)。由于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和從句的這些特點(diǎn)，使英語(yǔ)句子從理論上講可以無(wú)限延長(zhǎng)。　英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的分析方法：去枝葉，留主干。 1） 劃出句子中的定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句。2）劃出所有介詞短語(yǔ)（位于be動(dòng)詞后的除外）；3） 名詞性從句看作一個(gè)整體,找出句中所有的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句的引導(dǎo)詞。4） 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)看作一個(gè)整體；5）找出全句的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，即句子的主干；6） 分析從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。長(zhǎng)難句分析的步驟舉例：經(jīng)典例題（2001年考研完型填空第二段）In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.分析:第一，劃出定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begins.第二，劃出介詞短語(yǔ)：In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press第三，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分析:（1）主干結(jié)構(gòu)是主語(yǔ)（Lord Irvine含同位語(yǔ)the Lord Chancellor）+將來(lái)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)（will introduce）+賓語(yǔ)（a draft bill）；（2）that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾draft bill,其中，will propose 是第一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)，making payments to witnesses illegal是一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)做賓語(yǔ)，在動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)內(nèi)部，payments to witnesses做making的賓語(yǔ)，illegal是賓補(bǔ)；第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)是will strictly control, the amount of publicity是它的賓語(yǔ)。that can be given to a case before a trial begins是孕含有一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句（before a trial begins）的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾publicity。請(qǐng)大家按照上述步驟認(rèn)真分解以下70個(gè)句子，并把分解后的句子讀熟甚至背過，則基本上可以解決考研長(zhǎng)難句問題。1. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the highenergy American fashion that makes it possible to bine few farmers with high yields. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的主干是This will be particularly true…。since引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。此從句中又套嵌一個(gè)由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the highenergy American fashion。在定語(yǔ)從句中，that做主語(yǔ)，makes做謂語(yǔ)，it做形式賓語(yǔ)，不定式短語(yǔ)to bine few farmers with high yields則是真正的賓語(yǔ)（不定式短語(yǔ)內(nèi)部to bine是主干，few farmers是賓語(yǔ)，with high yields是狀語(yǔ)），possible做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。this指代前句中提到的這種困境。energy pinch譯為“能源的匱乏”。in…fashion譯為“用…方法、方式”。譯文：這種困境將是確定無(wú)疑的，因?yàn)槟茉吹膮T乏，高能量消耗這種美國(guó)耕種方式將很難在農(nóng)業(yè)中繼續(xù)下去，而這種耕種方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。2. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a parative matter，we must be sure that the scale with which we are paring our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”parison. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的主干是we must be sure…。since引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句the assessment of intelligence is a parative matter。主句中又有that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句that the scale with which we are paring our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”parison。此賓語(yǔ)從句中又套嵌一個(gè)由介詞with+which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句with which we are paring our subjects修飾先行詞the scale。scale在此處意為“尺度、衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。譯文：既然對(duì)智力的評(píng)估相比較而言的，那么我們必須確保，在對(duì)我們的對(duì)象進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，我們所用的尺度能夠提供“有效的”或“公平的”比較。3. In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是the tests work most effectively when…and least effectively when…。and連接兩個(gè)并列分句，每個(gè)并列分句中皆有一個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句分別說(shuō)明work most effectively和and（work）least effectively。第二個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中還有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句what…predicted。the tests是主句的主語(yǔ)，work為動(dòng)詞做謂語(yǔ)。qualities在此處是可數(shù)名詞，不譯為“質(zhì)量”，而譯為“特征”。defined不能直譯為“被定義為”，而應(yīng)譯為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)“界定”。譯文：一般來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)所需要測(cè)定的特征能被精確界定時(shí)，測(cè)試最為有效。而當(dāng)所測(cè)定或預(yù)測(cè)的東西不能被明確界定時(shí)，測(cè)試效果最差。4. For example，they do not pensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是they do not pensate…，and thus do not tell how…。and連接兩個(gè)并列分句，第二個(gè)并列分句中由how引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句是一個(gè)帶有虛擬條件句的主從復(fù)合句，其中had he grown up…（=If he had grown up…）是省略了連詞if的非真實(shí)條件句。主句主語(yǔ)的they，在此代指上文提到的tests。 able在句中作might have been的表語(yǔ)。underprivileged在此不能譯為“沒有特權(quán)的”，而譯為“沒有地位的”或“物質(zhì)條件差的”。譯文：例如，測(cè)試并不能彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公。因此，它們不能說(shuō)明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境中成長(zhǎng)的話，會(huì)有多大才干。 leads the discussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that…。冒號(hào)后的復(fù)合句是對(duì)冒號(hào)前部分作進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明。復(fù)合句中that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，從句中有either…or…引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)并列的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞be treated，其中第一個(gè)with介詞結(jié)構(gòu)中還有一個(gè)省略了關(guān)系代詞that或which的定語(yǔ)從句humans extend to other humans，修飾the consideration。it代指上文的觀點(diǎn)，即如果對(duì)人權(quán)沒有達(dá)成一致看法，而談?wù)搫?dòng)物的權(quán)利是徒勞的。介詞短語(yǔ)at the outset譯為“從一開始”。動(dòng)詞invites應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)譯為“使”、“讓”或“促使”。動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)extend consideration to意為“給予關(guān)懷或關(guān)心”，consideration不應(yīng)譯為“考慮”。譯文：這種說(shuō)法從一開始就將討論引向極端，它使人們認(rèn)為應(yīng)該這樣對(duì)待動(dòng)物:要么像對(duì)人類自身一樣關(guān)懷體諒，要么完全冷漠無(wú)情。6. But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.　　結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是it was the farthest that…。但I(xiàn)t was…that…在本句中不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。it是指上句中所提到的150億年前形成的巨大云團(tuán)（a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion lightyears from earth）。that引導(dǎo)的應(yīng)是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞the farthest。for引導(dǎo)的是表示原因的分句，分句中還有that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the patterns and structure。譯文：但更重要的是，這是科學(xué)家們所能觀測(cè)到的有關(guān)過去的最為遙遠(yuǎn)的景象，因?yàn)樗麄兛吹降氖?50億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。7. Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labor，tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers，with their wives and children，were forced into the cities in search of work，and any work，under any condition，that would keep them alive.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是it happened that…。it做形式主語(yǔ)，that引導(dǎo)的從句做真正的主語(yǔ)。主語(yǔ)從句中，又有一個(gè)由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，主句為tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers…were forced…，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中從句主語(yǔ)the new factories又帶有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句that were springing up。 that would keep them alive做work的定語(yǔ)從句。spring up意為“發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)，建立”。譯文: 于是就出現(xiàn)了這樣的情況:正當(dāng)新辦的工廠紛紛建立，需要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)力的時(shí)候，成千上萬(wàn)無(wú)家可歸、饑腸轆轆、以農(nóng)業(yè)為生的勞動(dòng)者攜家?guī)Э冢黄冗M(jìn)入城市。他們要找活干，不管什么活兒，不論什么條件，只要不被餓死就行。8. As a result of two or three centuries of scientific investigation we have e to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experiments，she will answer t