【正文】 狀語從句。譯文：繪畫缺少的僅僅是表現(xiàn)空間與時間變化的手法，而這正是雕塑與建筑的特性。13. Painting lacks only the means to represent movement in time and space，which is the special property of sculpture and architecture，since a painting is designed to be seen from one point at one time，whereas sculpture and architecture are created to be seen from various points of view，thus supplying movements in space and time.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是Painting lacks only the means…,since…。be enshrined in意為“被深深地珍藏（或銘記）在…”，此處轉(zhuǎn)譯為主動語態(tài)“納入到”。12. This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development，which means that we must，for the benefit of ing generations，leave enough environmental space so that these generations will be able to address their needs and fulfill their aspirations.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development…。 so that the attraction between molecules…是so that結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句。有關(guān)這一發(fā)現(xiàn)的故事說法眾多，下面的故事就是其中之一。displace意為“排（水）”。namely that a solid body…作the principle of Archimedes的同位語。譯文：理論上的認(rèn)識已達(dá)到了這樣一個階段,即現(xiàn)在已能指出需要哪種測量方式才能可靠地預(yù)報天氣。that從句作the fact的同位語從句。譯文:由于兩三個世紀(jì)以來的科學(xué)研究成果，我們逐漸相信，如果運用合適的觀察和實驗方法向大自然探究問題，她會真心實意地給我們答復(fù)，并且以永垂不朽的發(fā)現(xiàn)來報答我們。此時間狀語從句又套嵌一個定語從句that endure，修飾其先行詞discoveries。8. As a result of two or three centuries of scientific investigation we have e to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experiments，she will answer truly and reward us with discoveries that endure.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是…we have e to believe that…。 that would keep them alive做work的定語從句。譯文：但更重要的是，這是科學(xué)家們所能觀測到的有關(guān)過去的最為遙遠(yuǎn)的景象，因為他們看到的是150億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。但It was…that…在本句中不是強調(diào)句型。動詞invites應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)譯為“使”、“讓”或“促使”。冒號后的復(fù)合句是對冒號前部分作進一步說明。underprivileged在此不能譯為“沒有特權(quán)的”，而譯為“沒有地位的”或“物質(zhì)條件差的”。4. For example，they do not pensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是they do not pensate…，and thus do not tell how…。qualities在此處是可數(shù)名詞，不譯為“質(zhì)量”，而譯為“特征”。3. In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是the tests work most effectively when…and least effectively when…。主句中又有that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句that the scale with which we are paring our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”parison。in…fashion譯為“用…方法、方式”。此從句中又套嵌一個由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾the highenergy American fashion。that can be given to a case before a trial begins是孕含有一個時間狀語從句（before a trial begins）的定語從句，修飾publicity。 1） 劃出句子中的定語從句和狀語從句。③狀語從句。從結(jié)構(gòu)來說，英語句子中，除了謂語之外，其它的成分均可以由從句或者非謂語動詞來充當(dāng)。從句子本身是一個完整的句子，因此，從句與從句之間的關(guān)系可能包孕、套嵌，也可能并列，平行。非謂語動詞可以有自己的時態(tài)和語態(tài)（過去分詞除外），也可以跟自己的邏輯主語、賓語、狀語等成分，構(gòu)成一個非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)。2）劃出所有介詞短語（位于be動詞后的除外）；3） 名詞性從句看作一個整體,找出句中所有的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞短語和從句的引導(dǎo)詞。請大家按照上述步驟認(rèn)真分解以下70個句子，并把分解后的句子讀熟甚至背過，則基本上可以解決考研長難句問題。在定語從句中，that做主語，makes做謂語，it做形式賓語，不定式短語to bine few farmers with high yields則是真正的賓語（不定式短語內(nèi)部to bine是主干，few farmers是賓語，with high yields是狀語），possible做賓語補足語。譯文：這種困境將是確定無疑的，因為能源的匱乏，高能量消耗這種美國耕種方式將很難在農(nóng)業(yè)中繼續(xù)下去，而這種耕種方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。此賓語從句中又套嵌一個由介詞with+which引導(dǎo)的定語從句with which we are paring our subjects修飾先行詞the scale。and連接兩個并列分句，每個并列分句中皆有一個when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句分別說明work most effectively和and（work）least effectively。defined不能直譯為“被定義為”，而應(yīng)譯為主動語態(tài)“界定”。and連接兩個并列分句，第二個并列分句中由how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句是一個帶有虛擬條件句的主從復(fù)合句，其中had he grown up…（=If he had grown up…）是省略了連詞if的非真實條件句。譯文：例如，測試并不能彌補明顯的社會不公。復(fù)合句中that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，從句中有either…or…引導(dǎo)的兩個并列的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，修飾動詞be treated，其中第一個with介詞結(jié)構(gòu)中還有一個省略了關(guān)系代詞that或which的定語從句humans extend to other humans，修飾the consideration。動賓結(jié)構(gòu)extend consideration to意為“給予關(guān)懷或關(guān)心”，consideration不應(yīng)譯為“考慮”。it是指上句中所提到的150億年前形成的巨大云團（a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion lightyears from earth）。7. Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labor，tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers，with their wives and children，were forced into the cities in search of work，and any work，under any condition，that would keep them alive.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是it happened that…。spring up意為“發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)，建立”。that引導(dǎo)的從句做believe的賓語從句。by way of意為“經(jīng)由，通過…方法”。從這個意義上來說，大自然是可以認(rèn)識的。此從句中又套嵌一個定語從句，修飾其先行詞the stage。如果做不到這一點，那么上述這些新的觀察能力只不過提供了一大堆細(xì)節(jié)而已。when immersed in a liquid是省略了主語的過去分詞短語，句子補充完整為when the solid body is immersed in a liquid，修飾其主句a solid body loses a portion of its weight of the liquid…。version不譯為“版本”，此處指“根據(jù)個人觀點的（對事件等的）說法，看法”。11. We assumed that there were forces of attraction between molecules which varied rapidly with the distance so that the attraction between molecules that were more than a few ten millionths of a millimeter apart was very small but became considerable when the molecules approached more closely.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是We assumed that there were forces of attraction…。在此狀語從句中，除主干結(jié)構(gòu)the attraction…was very small but became considerable…，又有that were more than a few tenmillionths of a millimeter apart做定語從句修飾先行詞molecules和when the molecules approached more closely做狀語從句，修飾…but became considerable。其后緊跟著一個which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞sustainable development。sustainable development譯為“可持續(xù)發(fā)展”。since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句修飾主句。繪畫時只要求在某一時刻，從空間的一點來欣賞，而雕塑和建筑的創(chuàng)造則要求從各個角度來欣賞，這樣就表現(xiàn)出了空間，時間的變化。Once intimidated by arguments是過去分詞做狀語修飾these women，其施動者arguments又有兩個that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句修飾限定它。land jobs譯為“找到工作”。15. The presumption on which human cloning rests is that all these cells，though now specialized，still contain exact copies of the original set of genetic instructions needed to make an entire individual and can do so if a way is found to switch them back on.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是The presumption is that all these cells…contain genetic instructions…and can do so…。表語從句中又插入一個though引導(dǎo)的省略了主語all these cells的讓步狀語從句，補充完整為though these cells are now specialized。為避免重復(fù)do so代替前文提到的make an entire individual。介詞for加關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾a regularity。譯文：因此，與一條不能被歸入更普遍的法則或理論而是基于經(jīng)驗的規(guī)律相比，一條具有普遍理論依據(jù)支持的規(guī)律很可能被認(rèn)可為一條自然法則。the close association in most people’s minds of tools with man中注意in most people’s minds把the close association of tools wi