【文章內容簡介】 party or parties. (2) A manifestation of mutual assent may be made even though neither offer nor acceptance can be identified and even though the moment of formation cannot be determined. 167。22. 合意的模式： 要約與承諾 (1) 雙 方 當 事 人 就 交 換 達 成 合 意 的 意 思 表 示 通 常 是 由 一 方 當 事 人 提 出 要 約 或 提 議，然后由另一方當事人或另一方多數(shù)當事人作出承諾。 (2) 即 使 要 約 和 承 諾 都 無 法 被 識 別 ， 并 且 合 同 成 立 的 時 間 也 無 法 確 定 ， 雙 方 當 事人也可以作出合意的意思表示。 167。23. Necessity That Manifestation Have Reference to Each Other It is essential to a bargain that each party manifest assent with reference to the manifestation of the other. 167。23. 作出意思表示應相互參考的必要性 任何當事人作出意思表示都應參考對方的意思表示，這一點對交易磋商很重要。 TOPIC 3. MAKING OF OFFERS 主題三 要約的發(fā)出 167。24. Offer Defined An offer is the manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain, so made a s to justify another person in understanding that his assent to that bargain is i nvited and will conclude it. 167。24. 要約的定義 要約就是以交易磋商 為 目的而為意思表示，使得他人合理地認為該意思表示 被 邀請并且該交易將要進行。 167。25. Option Contracts An option contract is a promise which meets the requirements for the formation of a contract and limits the promisor’s power to revoke an offer. 167。25. 選擇權合同 如果一個允諾符合了訂立合同的條件， 并 且限制允諾人撤回要約，則該允諾 即 構成選擇權合同。 167。26. Preliminary Negotiations A manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain is not an offer if the person to whom it is addressed knows or has reason to know that the person making it does not intend to conclude a bargain until he has made a further manifestation of assent. 167。26. 訂約前之商議 如果意思表示所指向的 人 知道或有理由知道作出意思表示的當事人在作 出 進 一 步的意思表示之前并沒有意圖達成交易，則該以締結合同 為 目的的意思表示 并 不屬于要約。 167。 of Contract Where Memorial is contemplated Manifestations of assent that are in themselves sufficient to conclude a contract will not be prevented from so operating by the fact that the parties also manifest an intention to prepare an adopt a written thereof。 but the circumstances may show that the agreements are preliminary negotiations. 167。27. 在意圖制作記錄情況下合同的存 在 雙方當事人作出意思表示要采用書 面 方式締結合同這一事實，并 不 影響當事人已經作出 的 足以導致合同締結的意 思 表示的執(zhí)行；但是這種情況表明這些合意仍然屬于訂約前之商議。 167。 (1) At an auction, unless a contrary intention is manifested, (a) the auctioneer invites offers from successive bidders which he may accept or reject。 (b) when goods are put up without reserve, the auctioneer makes an offer to sell at any price bid by the highest bidder, and after the auctioneer calls for id the goods cannot be withdrawn unless no bid is made within a reasonable time。 (c) whether or not the auction is without reserve, a bidder may withdraw his bid until the auctioneer’s announcement of pletion of the sale, but a bidder’s retraction does not revieve any previous bid. (2) Unless a contrary intention is manifested, bids at an auction embody terms made known by advertisement, posting or other publication of which bidders are or should be aware, as modified by announcement made by the auctioneer when the goods are put up. 167。28. 拍賣 (1) 在拍賣時，除非有相反的意思表示， (a) 拍賣人向所有連續(xù)的出價人發(fā)出要約邀請，出價人可以承諾或拒絕； (b) 如 果 拍 賣 標 的 實 行 無 保 留 低 價 拍 賣 ， 則 拍 賣 人 應 發(fā) 出 要 約 ， 將 拍 賣 標 的 以 任何價格賣給出價最高者，在拍賣人將標的拍賣后，拍賣人不得撤回其無保 留 低價之拍賣標的，除非在合理的時間內無人競買； (c) 不管該拍賣是否是無保留低價之拍賣，競買人可以在拍賣人宣布成交之前可 以撤回競價，但是競買人撤回競價的行為不得使先前的出價生效。 (2) 除 非 有 相 反 的 意 思 表 示 ， 在 拍 賣 標 的 時 ， 競 買 人 的 出 價 包 含 了 競 買 人 知 道 或應該知道的廣告 、 海報或其他出版物所公布的條款，拍賣人在拍賣標的時可以 通過公告的方式對這些條款加以修改。 167。29. To Whom an Offer is Addressed (1) The manifested intention of the offeror determines the person or persons in whom is created a power of acceptance. (2) An offer may create a power of acceptance in a specified person or in one or more of a specified group or class of persons, acting separately or together, or in anyone or every one who makes a specified promise or renders a specified performance. 167。29. 要約所指向的對象 (1) 要約人的意思表示決定了有權作出承諾的人。 (2) 要約可以在一個明確的人或一個或多個明確的 、 單獨或集體行動的群體或團 體之中，或者也可以在作 出 明確允諾或實施明確義務的任何人之中創(chuàng)設一 種 承 諾的權利。 167。30. FORM OF ACCEPTANCE INVITED (1) An offer may invite or require acceptance to be made by an affirmative answer in words, or by performing or refraining from performing a specified act, or may empower the offeree to make a selection of terms in his acceptance. (2) Unless otherwise indicated by the language or the circumstances, an offer invites acceptance in any manner and by any medium reasonable in the circumstances. 167。 (1) 要約人可以要求承諾人通過給出書面的確定性答復 、 或者作為或不作為某一 特定的行為來作出承諾，或者要約人可以授權受約人作出選擇性的承諾。 (2) 除 非 語 言 或 情 勢 有 相 反 的 表 示 ， 要 約 人 可 以 要 求 承 諾 人 以 任 何 方 式 ， 采 用 特定情況下合理的媒介作出承諾。 167。31. Offer Proposing a Single Contract or a Number of Contracts An offer may propose the formation of a single contract by a single acceptance or the formation of a number of contracts by successive acceptances from time to time. 167。31. 提議締結一個或幾個合同的要約 一個要約可以通過一個承諾締結一個合同，或者也可以通過不時地 、 連續(xù)性的承 諾締結幾個合同。 167。32. Invitation of Promise or Performance In case of doubt an offer is interpreted as inviting the offeree to accept either by promising to perform what the offer requests or by rendering the performance, as the offeree chooses. 167。32. 允諾或義務履行邀請 在存在懷疑的情況下，要約應被解釋為邀請受約人選擇或者通過允諾履行要 約 所要求的義務、或者履行該義務。 167。33. Certainty (1) Even though a manifestation of intention is intended to be understood as an offer, it cannot be accepted so as to form a contract unless the terms of the contract are reasonably certain. (2) The terms of a contract are reasonably certain if they provide a basis for determining the existence of a breach and for giving an appropriate remedy. (3) The fact that one or more terms of a proposed bargain are left open or uncertain may show that a manifestation of i