【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 been to Beijing. 考點(diǎn)二：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作開始于過去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，也許還會(huì)持續(xù)下去，常用 for 和 sine表示一段時(shí)間的狀語或 so far, this week (month, year) 等表示包括現(xiàn)在 Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move. (2) no sooner +過去完成時(shí) + than +一般過去時(shí)（一 … 就 … ）。例如： No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me. 考點(diǎn)二：動(dòng)詞 expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用過去完成時(shí)，表示過去的希望、預(yù)期、意圖或愿望等沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)。例如： I had hoped that I could do the job. I had intended to see you but I was too busy. 9) 將來完成時(shí) 將來完成時(shí)表示將來某一時(shí)刻將完成或在另一個(gè)未來的動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成 的動(dòng)作。 I shall have finished this position before 9 o’ clock tonight. When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left. 考點(diǎn)一：常與將來完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有： by (the time / the end of ) + 表示將來時(shí)間的短語和句子； before (the end of ) + 表示將來時(shí)間的詞語或句子； when, after等加上表示將來動(dòng)作的句子等。例如： By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot. By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai. By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams. 考點(diǎn)二：在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，將來完成時(shí)則由現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示。（考查重點(diǎn)） The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school. 10) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是完成時(shí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式，有現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。 （ 1）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在某一時(shí)刻之前開始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在某一時(shí)刻。 I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’ t found it. （ 2）過 去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻之前開始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過去某一時(shí)刻。例如： It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places. （傾盆大雨已下了一個(gè)多星期，造成了許多地區(qū)塌方） （ 3）將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在將來某一時(shí)刻之前開始的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)刻。例如： By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours. 2. 動(dòng)詞的語態(tài) 語態(tài)也是專業(yè)四級英語的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)。語態(tài)也是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。 (1) We use electricity to run machines. （主動(dòng)語態(tài)） (2) Electricity is used to run machines. （被動(dòng)語態(tài)） 1) 不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的動(dòng)詞和短語 （ 1）在英語中， 不及物動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，但有些不及物動(dòng)詞（包括短語）容易引起誤用。如： appear, belong to, die, escape, fall, happen, last, succeed, occur, take place, consist of。 Our success belongs to all the people present. 我們的成功屬于在座的每一個(gè)人。 （ 2）某些表示狀態(tài)或特征的及物動(dòng)詞，如： bee, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 2) 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)形式 時(shí)間 一般時(shí) 進(jìn)行時(shí) 完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在 am asked am being asked is asked is being asked are asked are being asked 過去 was be asked was being asked were be asked were being asked 將來 shall be asked shall have been asked will be asked will have been asked 過去將來 should be asked should have been asked would be asked would have been asked 3) 短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài) 短語動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，通常被看作是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，后面的介詞或副詞不能拆開或省略。例如： 1） So far no correct conclusion has been arrived at. 目前還有得出正確的結(jié)論 2） All the rubbish should be got rid of. 所有的垃圾應(yīng)該把它們清除掉。 4) ―get + ed分詞 ‖的被動(dòng)語態(tài) ―get + ed分詞 ‖結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，而非動(dòng)作本身，常用來表示突發(fā)性的、出乎意料的偶然事件。例如： The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 這個(gè)男孩在下班回來的路上受傷了。 另外， ―get + ed分詞 ‖還可用于談?wù)摓樽约鹤龅氖?，是主?dòng)的行為而不是被動(dòng)的行為。例如： get dressed（穿衣服） get divorced（離婚） get engaged（訂婚） get confused（迷惑不解） get lost（迷路） get washed（洗臉） get married（結(jié)婚） 5) 雙賓語動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語態(tài) （ 1） 能帶 兩個(gè)賓語的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，一次只能由一個(gè)賓語作主語，另一個(gè)賓語被保留下來。例如： (1) We showed the visitors our new products.（主動(dòng)語態(tài)） 我們向參觀者展示了我們的新產(chǎn)品。 (2) The visitors were shown our new products.（被動(dòng)語態(tài)） (3) Our new products were shown to the visitors.（被動(dòng)語態(tài)） 6) 被動(dòng)語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別 （ 1） The novel was well written.（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） 這本小說寫得好。 （ 2） The novel was written by Dickens.（被動(dòng)語態(tài)） 這本小說是 Dickens寫得。 7) 少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語態(tài)有時(shí)有被動(dòng)的意思 （專業(yè)四級英語重要考點(diǎn)） 例