【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 esearch of this kind in the pastB.oxygen is the lifeblood of living thingsC.it has uncovered how cells sense and respond to changes in oxygen levelsD.various diseases will be cured with the help of the findings of the research（2）We can learn from the passage that _____________. A.The Nobel Prize was awarded to a physiologist on Monday in Sweden.B.Cancer cells manage to hijack oxygen and need oxygen to develop.C.The more oxygen there is in blood, the healthier a living body will be.D.The genetic mechanisms have been found that allow oxygen to adapt to cells.（3）Which of the following can best explain the underlined word in the text? A.used for textbooksB.powerful and authoritativeC.typical as a perfect exampleD.basic and clear（4）In which part of The New York Times can you find this article? A.EntertainmentB.CultureC.TechnologyD.Science【答案】 （1）C（2）B（3）C（4）D 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇新聞報道，介紹了2019年諾貝爾生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎聯(lián)合授予了三位科學(xué)家，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了細胞如何感知并適應(yīng)氧氣變化的含量。這是一項具有開創(chuàng)性的發(fā)現(xiàn)，為抗擊貧血、癌癥和許多其他疾病的新策略鋪平了道路。 （1）考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中的“…for their work on how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability.”以表彰他們在細胞感知和適應(yīng)氧氣供應(yīng)的適應(yīng)性方面所做的工作。可知這項研究之所以獲得諾貝爾獎，主要是因為它揭示了細胞如何感知和響應(yīng)氧氣水平的變化。故選C。 （2）考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)Why is the work important?部分中的“The discoveries reveal the cellular mechanisms that control such things as adaptation to high altitudes and how cancer cells manage to hijack(攫取) oxygen.”這些發(fā)現(xiàn)揭示了細胞機制，這些機制控制著對高海拔環(huán)境的適應(yīng)，以及癌細胞是如何攫取氧氣的?？芍┘毎O(shè)法攫取氧氣并需要氧氣來發(fā)育。故選B。 （3）考查詞義猜測。根據(jù) Why is the work important?部分中的“it would be something students would start learning at the most basic levels of biology education”它將是學(xué)生在最基礎(chǔ)的生物教育階段就開始學(xué)習(xí)的東西，可知Randall Johnson稱這項研究是很典型的發(fā)現(xiàn)，是教科書式的發(fā)現(xiàn)。故可知劃線單詞意思為典型的，故選C。 （4）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段中的“(The New York Times, ) The 2019 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine was jointly awarded to three scientists — William G. Kaelin Jr., Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza — for their work on how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability.”(《紐約時報》10月7日報道)2019年諾貝爾生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎聯(lián)合授予了三位科學(xué)家——William G. Kaelin Jr.、Peter J. Ratcliffe和Gregg L. Semenza，以表彰他們在細胞感知和適應(yīng)氧氣供應(yīng)方面所做 的工作。）以及文章的主要內(nèi)容圍繞他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)，可知你可以在《紐約時報》的科學(xué)版上找到這篇文章。故選D。 【點評】本題考點涉及細節(jié)理解，詞義猜測和推理判斷三個題型的考查，是一篇新聞報道，考生需要準確掌握細節(jié)信息，同時根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進行分析，推理，從而選出正確答案。5．閱讀理解 By analyzing the fossilized teeth of some of our most ancient ancestors, a team of scientists led by the universities of Bristol (UK) and Lyon (France) have discovered that the first humans significantly breastfed their infants (嬰兒) for longer periods than their contemporary relatives. The results, published in the journal Science Advances, provide a first insight into the practice of weaning (斷奶)that remain otherwise unseen in the fossil record. The team sampled minute amounts from nearly 40 fossilized teeth of our South African fossil relatives, early Homo, Paranthropus robustus and Australopithecus africanus. They measured the proportions of their stable calcium isotopes (同位素）in the tooth enamel(牙釉質(zhì)), which are a function of the mother milk intake by infants. They show that early Homo offspring(后代) was breastfed in significant proportions until the age of around three to four years, which likely played a role in the apparition of traits that are specific to human lineage(血統(tǒng)), such as the brain development. In contrast, infants of Paranthropus robustus, that became extinct around one million years ago and were a more robust species in terms of dental anatomy, as well as infants of Australopithecus africanus, stopped drinking sizeable proportions of mother milk in the course of the first months of life. These differences in nursing behaviors likely e with major changes in the social structures of groups as well as the time between the birth of one child and the birth of the next. One of the study39。s lead authors, Dr Theo Tacail said: The practice of weaning the duration of breastfeeding, age at nonmilk food introduction and the age at cessation of suckling differs among the modern members of the hominid family which includes humans and modern great apes: orangutan, gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos. The development of such behavioral differences likely played major roles in the evolution of the members of human lineage, being associated for instance with size and structure of social groups, brain development. However, getting insights into these behavioral changes from fossils that are millions of years old is a challenge and, so far, little evidence allow discussing nursing practices in these fossil species. The findings stress the need for further exploration of calcium stables isotopes positions in the fossil record in order to understand the coevolution of weaning practices with other traits such as brain size or social behaviors.（1）What do we know the findings of the team? A.It takes the lead in focusing on Practice weaning.B.It has disclosed the link between the weaning practice and other traits.C.It is evident that nursing practice is associated with behavioral changes.D.It39。s contemporary humans that spend more time breastfeeding their infants.（2）What does the underlined phrase such behavioral differences in Paragraph 7 most probably refer to? A.Differences in the calcium isotope in the teeth.B.Differences in the social structure of groups.C.Differences in the practice of weaning.D.Differences in the change of behaviors.（3）What does the passage mainly talk about? A.The evolution of human lineage.B.The possible influence of nursing behaviors.C.The exploration of positions in the fossil.D.The function of mother milk at the age of infants.【答案】 （1）A（2）C（3）B 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，通過對祖先牙齒化石的研究，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)第一批用母乳喂養(yǎng)嬰兒的人類比同時代的其他的近親在時間上要長很多，而這種育幼差異