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推移已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)出來(lái)。 如果行人 命令 按鈕被 合并 到整體的控制系統(tǒng) , 一個(gè)單獨(dú)的行人信號(hào)必須放在 這個(gè)街道中間。禁止通行信號(hào)穩(wěn)定不變時(shí)是告訴行人不要繼續(xù)前行。 在許多路口,信號(hào)必須被定好來(lái)調(diào)整行人流動(dòng)。根據(jù)街道寬度、行人需求和車(chē)輛靠近速度,每一個(gè)綠燈周期后的黃燈(警示)間隔在 3 秒到 6 秒之間。然而對(duì)于短循環(huán),清理路口和開(kāi)始每一次順利的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)消耗的時(shí)間相對(duì)較高。它們的劣勢(shì)是它們無(wú)法適應(yīng)交通流量的變化和在沒(méi)有其他交通的情況下約束一個(gè)方向的車(chē)輛。 控制車(chē)輛,騎自行車(chē)的人和行人的信號(hào)是在特定時(shí)間間 隔分配到各種交通活動(dòng)的預(yù)定時(shí)間和在交通運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)中控制全部或部分交通需求的的時(shí)間間隔。T WALK (Portland orange ) the remainder. The WALK signal flashes when there are possible conflicts with vehicles and is steady when there are none. Steady DON39。traffic actuated39。 河南理工大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文) 外文翻譯 7 當(dāng)前可以應(yīng)用的城市交通技術(shù)和交通模式,對(duì)于大多數(shù)城市來(lái)說(shuō)是通用的,但也常常以不同的方式應(yīng)用,為不同的目的服務(wù)。 然而,由于內(nèi)燃機(jī)技術(shù)提供了比有軌交通方式更為廉價(jià)的和更為靈活的汽車(chē),從而導(dǎo)致了市區(qū)內(nèi)其他交通方式的衰落。與此同時(shí),許多工業(yè)也從由市中心延伸出去的提路沿線疏散了,工人們起初需要在這些工廠附近居住,現(xiàn)在引進(jìn)了電車(chē) ,住的遠(yuǎn)也沒(méi)有什么關(guān)系了。支撐的類(lèi)型引導(dǎo)的手段,以及控制技術(shù)。 上述的考慮指出用于交通規(guī)劃的兩個(gè)重要原則: 被認(rèn)為是市區(qū)社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)完整部分。從歷史上看 ,城市交通系統(tǒng) 曾經(jīng) 是一個(gè)決定城市形態(tài)的重要因素。甚至在不能利用公共交通的很小的市區(qū)內(nèi),當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?道網(wǎng)絡(luò)也會(huì)提供交通系統(tǒng)的基本空間特征。離開(kāi)家的出行者可以乘坐當(dāng)?shù)氐墓财?chē)而到達(dá)另一個(gè)郊區(qū)地鐵車(chē)站(出行集合過(guò)程),經(jīng)車(chē)站轉(zhuǎn)到地鐵站臺(tái)(換乘過(guò)程),乘地鐵到達(dá)一個(gè)商業(yè)車(chē)站(沿線運(yùn)行過(guò)程),然后步行到工作地點(diǎn)(分散過(guò)程)。 最重要的是 ,一個(gè)城市的交通系統(tǒng)被認(rèn)為是 包括交通設(shè)施和服務(wù) ,這兩者有助于貫穿全區(qū)的出行,并且為以下 兩方面提供機(jī)會(huì) :(1)居民的流通量 和商品的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn) , (2)對(duì)于土地的可達(dá)性 。 Michael D. Meyer and Eric J. Miller Urban Transportation Planning, 1984 河南理工大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文) 外文翻譯 5 城市交通規(guī)劃 城市交通系統(tǒng)是市區(qū)的社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、和物質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)的一個(gè)基本組成部分。s social and economic structure, often called the urban activity system, develops. At the same time,changes in this structure can affect the ability of the transportation system to provide mobility and accessibility. Thus , the transportation system is closely related to the urban activity system and。 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)( 論文) 專(zhuān)業(yè)名稱(chēng) : 土木工程 年級(jí)班級(jí): 學(xué)生姓名: 指導(dǎo)教師: 河南理工大學(xué)土木工程學(xué)院 二○ 年 月 日外文翻譯 河南理工大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文) 外文翻譯 1 Urban transportation Planning An urban transportation system is basic ponent of an urban area39。 and the institutional framework that provides for the planning, construction, operation, and maintenance of system facilities. The Spatial Configuration of a Transportation System One way to describe the spatial dimension of an urban transportation system is to consider the characteristics of individual trips from an origin to a destination. For example, a trip can consist of several types of movement undertaken to achieve different objectives. Travelers leaving home might use a local bus system to reach a suburban subway station(a trip collection process), proceed through the station to the subway platform (a transfer process), ride the subway to a downtown station (a linehaul process), and walk to a place of employment (a distribution process). Similarly, one can view a hometowork trip by car as consisting of similar segments, with the local street system providing the trip collection process, a freeway providing the linehaul capability, a parking lot in the central business district serving as a transfer point, and walking, as before, serving the distribution function. 河南理工大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文) 外文翻譯 2 The facilities and services that provide these opportunities for travel , when interconnected to permit movement from one location to another, form a work. Thus,another way of representing the spatial dimension of an urban transportation system is as a set of road and transit works. Even in the smallest urban areas, where mass transit is not available, the local street work provides the basic spatial characteristic of the transportation system. The transportation system of a city can influence the way in which the city39。 systems in operation in Edmonton, Calgary, San Diego, and Buffalo). At the same time, the growth of private automobile use has dramatically reduced the use of public transportation in general, particularly since the end of World War II. According to the latest census figures, in 1980, 62. 3 million Americans normally drove alone to work each day, another 19 million carpooled, and 6 million used public transportation. The technologies and the resulting modes available today for urban transportation are mon to most cities but are often applied in different ways to serve different purposes. It should be noted that certain types of modes are appropriate than others in serving different types of urban trips. 河南理工大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文) 外文翻譯 4 The technological dimension of the urban transportation system suggests a third principle for urban transportation planning: Transportation planners must consider the transportation system as consisting of different modes , each having different operational and cost characteristics. From。 對(duì)于城市交通系統(tǒng)有幾個(gè)基本概念是應(yīng)該記住的。例如,出行可以包括為達(dá)到不同目的的幾種類(lèi)型的流動(dòng)。這樣,表示一個(gè)城市交通系統(tǒng)的空間尺度的另一種方式是一組道路和公共交通的網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)。因此 ,交通系統(tǒng)是與城市活動(dòng)系統(tǒng)密切相關(guān)的 。而且也應(yīng)該包括,例如,影響土地利用分布的區(qū)域劃分,并因此影響到交通系統(tǒng)特 性的一些措施。技術(shù)上包括推進(jìn)的手段。產(chǎn)生了大量的居住密度明顯很低的位于由市中心輻射出去的電車(chē)電車(chē)路線沿線的“電車(chē)郊區(qū)”。汽車(chē)的可用性促使市區(qū)進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展,并且更重要的是,汽車(chē)為通向市中心的放射狀電車(chē)線和鐵路路線之間地區(qū)的可能性提供條件。根據(jù)最近的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字,在 1980年有六千二百三十萬(wàn)美國(guó)人每天是自己駕駛汽車(chē)上班,另外有一千九百萬(wàn)人合伙使用汽車(chē),而有六百萬(wàn)人乘用公共交通。 摘自:邁克爾 《城市交通規(guī)劃》, 1984 河南理工大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文) 外文翻譯 8 Traffic signals In the United States alone ,some 250,000 intersections have traffic signals , which are defined as all poweroperated trafficcontrol devices except flashers, signs, and markings for directing or warning motorists, cyclists, or pedestrians. Signals for vehicular, bicycle, and pedestrian control are ?pretimed? where specific times intervals are allocated to the various traffic movements and as 39。 traffic signals are set to repeat regularly a given sequence of signal indications for stipulated time intervals through t