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推移已經開發(fā)出來。 如果行人 命令 按鈕被 合并 到整體的控制系統(tǒng) , 一個單獨的行人信號必須放在 這個街道中間。禁止通行信號穩(wěn)定不變時是告訴行人不要繼續(xù)前行。 在許多路口,信號必須被定好來調整行人流動。根據(jù)街道寬度、行人需求和車輛靠近速度,每一個綠燈周期后的黃燈(警示)間隔在 3 秒到 6 秒之間。然而對于短循環(huán),清理路口和開始每一次順利的運轉消耗的時間相對較高。它們的劣勢是它們無法適應交通流量的變化和在沒有其他交通的情況下約束一個方向的車輛。 控制車輛,騎自行車的人和行人的信號是在特定時間間 隔分配到各種交通活動的預定時間和在交通運轉中控制全部或部分交通需求的的時間間隔。T WALK (Portland orange ) the remainder. The WALK signal flashes when there are possible conflicts with vehicles and is steady when there are none. Steady DON39。traffic actuated39。 河南理工大學本科畢業(yè)設計(論文) 外文翻譯 7 當前可以應用的城市交通技術和交通模式,對于大多數(shù)城市來說是通用的,但也常常以不同的方式應用,為不同的目的服務。 然而,由于內燃機技術提供了比有軌交通方式更為廉價的和更為靈活的汽車,從而導致了市區(qū)內其他交通方式的衰落。與此同時,許多工業(yè)也從由市中心延伸出去的提路沿線疏散了,工人們起初需要在這些工廠附近居住,現(xiàn)在引進了電車 ,住的遠也沒有什么關系了。支撐的類型引導的手段,以及控制技術。 上述的考慮指出用于交通規(guī)劃的兩個重要原則: 被認為是市區(qū)社會和經濟系統(tǒng)的一個完整部分。從歷史上看 ,城市交通系統(tǒng) 曾經 是一個決定城市形態(tài)的重要因素。甚至在不能利用公共交通的很小的市區(qū)內,當?shù)氐慕?道網絡也會提供交通系統(tǒng)的基本空間特征。離開家的出行者可以乘坐當?shù)氐墓财嚩竭_另一個郊區(qū)地鐵車站(出行集合過程),經車站轉到地鐵站臺(換乘過程),乘地鐵到達一個商業(yè)車站(沿線運行過程),然后步行到工作地點(分散過程)。 最重要的是 ,一個城市的交通系統(tǒng)被認為是 包括交通設施和服務 ,這兩者有助于貫穿全區(qū)的出行,并且為以下 兩方面提供機會 :(1)居民的流通量 和商品的運轉 , (2)對于土地的可達性 。 Michael D. Meyer and Eric J. Miller Urban Transportation Planning, 1984 河南理工大學本科畢業(yè)設計(論文) 外文翻譯 5 城市交通規(guī)劃 城市交通系統(tǒng)是市區(qū)的社會、經濟、和物質結構的一個基本組成部分。s social and economic structure, often called the urban activity system, develops. At the same time,changes in this structure can affect the ability of the transportation system to provide mobility and accessibility. Thus , the transportation system is closely related to the urban activity system and。 本科畢業(yè)設計( 論文) 專業(yè)名稱 : 土木工程 年級班級: 學生姓名: 指導教師: 河南理工大學土木工程學院 二○ 年 月 日外文翻譯 河南理工大學本科畢業(yè)設計(論文) 外文翻譯 1 Urban transportation Planning An urban transportation system is basic ponent of an urban area39。 and the institutional framework that provides for the planning, construction, operation, and maintenance of system facilities. The Spatial Configuration of a Transportation System One way to describe the spatial dimension of an urban transportation system is to consider the characteristics of individual trips from an origin to a destination. For example, a trip can consist of several types of movement undertaken to achieve different objectives. Travelers leaving home might use a local bus system to reach a suburban subway station(a trip collection process), proceed through the station to the subway platform (a transfer process), ride the subway to a downtown station (a linehaul process), and walk to a place of employment (a distribution process). Similarly, one can view a hometowork trip by car as consisting of similar segments, with the local street system providing the trip collection process, a freeway providing the linehaul capability, a parking lot in the central business district serving as a transfer point, and walking, as before, serving the distribution function. 河南理工大學本科畢業(yè)設計(論文) 外文翻譯 2 The facilities and services that provide these opportunities for travel , when interconnected to permit movement from one location to another, form a work. Thus,another way of representing the spatial dimension of an urban transportation system is as a set of road and transit works. Even in the smallest urban areas, where mass transit is not available, the local street work provides the basic spatial characteristic of the transportation system. The transportation system of a city can influence the way in which the city39。 systems in operation in Edmonton, Calgary, San Diego, and Buffalo). At the same time, the growth of private automobile use has dramatically reduced the use of public transportation in general, particularly since the end of World War II. According to the latest census figures, in 1980, 62. 3 million Americans normally drove alone to work each day, another 19 million carpooled, and 6 million used public transportation. The technologies and the resulting modes available today for urban transportation are mon to most cities but are often applied in different ways to serve different purposes. It should be noted that certain types of modes are appropriate than others in serving different types of urban trips. 河南理工大學本科畢業(yè)設計(論文) 外文翻譯 4 The technological dimension of the urban transportation system suggests a third principle for urban transportation planning: Transportation planners must consider the transportation system as consisting of different modes , each having different operational and cost characteristics. From。 對于城市交通系統(tǒng)有幾個基本概念是應該記住的。例如,出行可以包括為達到不同目的的幾種類型的流動。這樣,表示一個城市交通系統(tǒng)的空間尺度的另一種方式是一組道路和公共交通的網絡系統(tǒng)。因此 ,交通系統(tǒng)是與城市活動系統(tǒng)密切相關的 。而且也應該包括,例如,影響土地利用分布的區(qū)域劃分,并因此影響到交通系統(tǒng)特 性的一些措施。技術上包括推進的手段。產生了大量的居住密度明顯很低的位于由市中心輻射出去的電車電車路線沿線的“電車郊區(qū)”。汽車的可用性促使市區(qū)進一步擴展,并且更重要的是,汽車為通向市中心的放射狀電車線和鐵路路線之間地區(qū)的可能性提供條件。根據(jù)最近的統(tǒng)計數(shù)字,在 1980年有六千二百三十萬美國人每天是自己駕駛汽車上班,另外有一千九百萬人合伙使用汽車,而有六百萬人乘用公共交通。 摘自:邁克爾 《城市交通規(guī)劃》, 1984 河南理工大學本科畢業(yè)設計(論文) 外文翻譯 8 Traffic signals In the United States alone ,some 250,000 intersections have traffic signals , which are defined as all poweroperated trafficcontrol devices except flashers, signs, and markings for directing or warning motorists, cyclists, or pedestrians. Signals for vehicular, bicycle, and pedestrian control are ?pretimed? where specific times intervals are allocated to the various traffic movements and as 39。 traffic signals are set to repeat regularly a given sequence of signal indications for stipulated time intervals through t