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英特爾公司的文化 ? 英特爾的成就歸功于: 永無止境的學(xué)習(xí) 、 追求技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的極限 與 勇于嘗試錯誤( P6) 。 RD的管理方式建立在 3F因素基礎(chǔ)上 ? Funding: 持續(xù)的資金支持,以保證長期研究的持續(xù)性和為研究人員提供信心 ? Focus: 研究集中于特定的領(lǐng)域 ? Freedom: 給予研究人員一定的自由度,可以在整體項目要求下選擇特定的領(lǐng)域進行研究 丹尼斯 資料來源: [英 ]Nicholas Valery著,戰(zhàn)洪起等譯,《工業(yè)創(chuàng)新》 (Innovation in Industry),清華大學(xué)出版社, 1999年,第 1頁。 ? Dupont公司 19201949年間推出了 25項重大產(chǎn)品 /工藝創(chuàng)新,其中 14項完全發(fā)源于公司外部。 ( 2)口頭交流為 idea generating提供了 45%的信息 ( 3)技術(shù)分析與實驗為 idea generating提供了 22%的信息 ? problem solving ( 1) problem solving所需的信息大多來自于企業(yè)內(nèi)部 ( 2)口頭交流為 idea generating提供了 32%的信息 ( 3)技術(shù)分析與實驗為 idea generating提供了 52%的信息 技術(shù)橋梁人物 ( Technological Gatekeeper) ? 技術(shù)橋梁人物在研究組織中的 角色 ? 技術(shù)橋梁人物的 基本特征 ( 1)技術(shù)成就大,水平高; ( 2)一般是第一線的主管人員; ( 3)管理人員可以不假思索就告訴誰是技術(shù)橋梁任務(wù)。 美國 IRI負(fù)責(zé)人 Charles Larson ( 1)能夠向公司各層次的雇員清楚地說明該創(chuàng)新項目對公司未來所具有的至關(guān)重要的意義; ( 2)為所有參與人員設(shè)定了近乎不可能的目標(biāo); ( 3)把目標(biāo)瞄準(zhǔn)于那些尚有大量問題等待解決的研究領(lǐng)域; ( 4)讓 RD部門與業(yè)務(wù)部門的人員定期雙向流動,以保證研究人員對市場需求有著深入的了解。M ? 英特爾文化另一獨到之處 , 是 “ 讓數(shù)字說話 ” 。 ? 英特爾公司管理的六項準(zhǔn)則: 以結(jié)果為導(dǎo)向 (results oriented)、 著重紀(jì)律(discipline)、 鼓勵嘗試風(fēng)險 (risk taking)、 品質(zhì)至上 (quality)、 以客戶為導(dǎo)向 (customer oriented)以及 讓員工樂在工作 (great place to work)。 內(nèi)部創(chuàng)業(yè)機制 與 內(nèi)企業(yè)家精神 ? 大企業(yè)內(nèi)部的創(chuàng)投事業(yè) (Corporate Venturing) ? 1999年,英特爾公司共向國內(nèi) 7家公司提供了近 10億美元風(fēng)險投資,在全球的風(fēng)險投資額共計 40億美元。 ? 內(nèi)部創(chuàng)業(yè)機制 ? 財務(wù)指標(biāo)或投資盈利并不作為唯一的和最重要的目標(biāo) 。 ? Partricia Anslinger et al (1997) ? 母公司對子公司持股不低于 50%,且年銷售收入均在 2億美圓以上。 ? 成功的若干條件 ? 子公司必須能比較順利地與母公司及其它業(yè)務(wù)相分離 ? 子公司本身必須具有較為良好的業(yè)務(wù)前景 ? 子公司管理層必須與母公司形成密切的合作關(guān)系 ? 必須面對的問題 ? 復(fù)雜的共享 協(xié)調(diào)過程及其成本 ? 有可能會帶來重復(fù)性的行政開支 ? 子公司的債務(wù)成本在分離之后有可能會上升 Meeting the Challenge of Disruptive Change (1) ? Three factors that affect anization’ s capacity to change: – RESOURCES: – PROCESSES: the patterns of interaction, coordination, munication, and decision making employees use to transform resources into products and services of greater worth. ? Formal process ? informal process – VALUES: the standards by which employees set priorities that enable them to judge whether . . . or . . . ? An anization’ s capabilities and disabilities evolve over time, and the locus of capabilities start in RESOURCES。 – acquire a different anization whose processes and values closely match the requirements of the new task. Meeting the Challenge of Disruptive Change (3) Digital’ s Dilemma Digital was spectacularly successful maker of miniputers from the 1960s through the 1980s, but it suffered a abrupt fall from grace after then, although DEC had the resources to succeed in PC business, such as high talents, cash, great brand, excellent technology, and so on. Miniputer panies: ? designed most of key ponents internally and then integrated these ponents into proprietary configurations ? designing a new product platform took two to three years ? manufactured most of its own ponents and assembled them in a batch mode ? sold directly to corporate engineering anizations Meeting the Challenge of Disruptive Change (4) Digital’ s Dilemma PC Makers: ? outsourced most ponents from the best suppliers around the globe ? new puter designs, made up of modular ponents, had to be pleted in 6 to 12 months ? puters were manufactured in highvolume assembly lines and sold through retailers to consumers and businesses Because of its overhead cost and the lower margins generated by PCs, PCs did not fit with DEC’ s value for high profit margins, the pany’ s criteria for setting priorities always placed higherperformance miniputers ahead of personal puters in the resourcesallocation process. Creating a MarketDriven Organization (1) Internal Problems ? “ liability of Success” where good financial performance leads to arrogance and overconfidence ? a technology orientation that condones the belief that “ we know better than the market” Triggers for Change – Market disruptions that threaten the business model – Fidelity Investments – continuing erosion of alignment with the market that puts the firm at a disadvantage with marketdriven petitors – Sears Roebuck: $ billion