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resources to succeed in PC business, such as high talents, cash, great brand, excellent technology, and so on. Miniputer panies: ? designed most of key ponents internally and then integrated these ponents into proprietary configurations ? designing a new product platform took two to three years ? manufactured most of its own ponents and assembled them in a batch mode ? sold directly to corporate engineering anizations Meeting the Challenge of Disruptive Change (4) Digital’ s Dilemma PC Makers: ? outsourced most ponents from the best suppliers around the globe ? new puter designs, made up of modular ponents, had to be pleted in 6 to 12 months ? puters were manufactured in highvolume assembly lines and sold through retailers to consumers and businesses Because of its overhead cost and the lower margins generated by PCs, PCs did not fit with DEC’ s value for high profit margins, the pany’ s criteria for setting priorities always placed higherperformance miniputers ahead of personal puters in the resourcesallocation process. Creating a MarketDriven Organization (1) Internal Problems ? “ liability of Success” where good financial performance leads to arrogance and overconfidence ? a technology orientation that condones the belief that “ we know better than the market” Triggers for Change – Market disruptions that threaten the business model – Fidelity Investments – continuing erosion of alignment with the market that puts the firm at a disadvantage with marketdriven petitors – Sears Roebuck: $ billion loss in 1992 – strategic necessity – Eurotunnel: transition from a project anization to an operating pany – intolerable opportunity cost – Owens Corning: onestop shopping and solutions to problems Creating a MarketDriven Organization (2) Six Stages for Successful Change ? Demonstrating leadership mitment and creates a sense of urgency. ? Understanding the need for change. ? Shaping the vision. ? Mobilizing mitment at all level. ? Aligning structures, systems, and incentives. ? Reinforcing the change. Creating a MarketDriven Organization (3) Persistent Obstacles to Success ? absence of leadership ? initiative burnout ? stifling culture ? management turmoil ? lack of urgency ? poor implementation A MarketDriven Approach to Retaining Talent (1) ? Traditional Retention Programs/Mechanism – pensation program ? golden handcuffs。 – 由于供應(yīng)商的有效介入 , 使得日本汽車制造商在工程化時(shí)間上有近 1/3的優(yōu)勢(shì) , 在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)上的優(yōu)勢(shì)為 45個(gè)月 。 (Prahalad and Hamel,1990)。 – Internal market voice of customers ? 創(chuàng)新資源的共享 – 各個(gè) SBU之間核心能力和核心資源之間的共享問題 – 建立公司層次與 SBU層次之間技術(shù)資源的有償共享問題 ? 創(chuàng)新機(jī)會(huì)的把握 – 內(nèi)部創(chuàng)業(yè)機(jī)制的建立 CASE: Siemens Co. Mission for Siemens Central Labs ( 1) 與事業(yè)部一起為公司的未來努力 , 以及提升公司的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力; ( 2) 作為事業(yè)部的合作伙伴; ( 3) 在公司執(zhí)行長(zhǎng)官委員會(huì) (Corporate Executive Committee)指導(dǎo)下運(yùn)作 , 并且由西門子創(chuàng)新和技術(shù)委員會(huì) (Siemens Innovation and Technology Committee)提供咨詢建議 。為提高事業(yè)部在中央研究上的影響力 , 休斯電子把研究開發(fā)經(jīng)費(fèi)劃分為兩部分 ,15%撥給各事業(yè)部 , 由它們決定投給中央研究的項(xiàng)目 , 但這筆資金只能用于投入到中央研究當(dāng)中;而其余的 85%則由公司直接撥給中央研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室 。 STEP 2 中央研究績(jī)效 ( CRP, 采用百分制 , 如達(dá)到目標(biāo)則取值為 100%) 用三個(gè)相等權(quán)重的因子來計(jì)算: ( 1) 技術(shù)卓越度 (Technical Excellence):由外部專家小組對(duì)研究水平進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià); ( 2) 事業(yè)部目標(biāo) (Business Unit Objectives):由各個(gè)事業(yè)部進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià); ( 3) 一般管理目標(biāo) (General Management Objectives):這些目標(biāo)包括 RD與間接費(fèi)用預(yù)算情況 、 企業(yè)分散化目標(biāo)等 , 由公司財(cái)務(wù)部門與公司特定部門進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià) 。 ( 5) continuous improvement。但是,如果從產(chǎn)品族的角度來考慮,產(chǎn)品平臺(tái)往往需要很長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間來形成,但在此產(chǎn)品構(gòu)架基礎(chǔ)上產(chǎn)生的衍生產(chǎn)品,它們的開發(fā)周期和進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)的時(shí)間將大大縮短。 A. N. Chester(1995)強(qiáng)調(diào)研究開發(fā)職能的評(píng)價(jià)應(yīng)通過這樣的措施來保證其有效性 ,也就是把激勵(lì)建立在或者是客觀的指標(biāo)或者是來自于研究開發(fā)部門之外的評(píng)價(jià)之上 。 績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)體系的設(shè)計(jì) , 不僅僅是為了員工收入分配提供數(shù)量依據(jù);更為重要的是 , 績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)體系的結(jié)構(gòu)將最終會(huì)對(duì)組織內(nèi)個(gè)體行為產(chǎn)生導(dǎo)向性效果 。 資料來源:虞有澄 , 《 我看英特爾 ——華裔副總裁的現(xiàn)身說法 》 , 北京:三聯(lián)書店 , 1996年 。 未能得到員工普遍參與和認(rèn)同的績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)體系設(shè)計(jì)是無法達(dá)到其預(yù)期目的的 , 因此整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)過程必須是開放性和透明的 。 績(jī)效審計(jì)可以反映企業(yè)創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)中存在的問題 , 但無法完整地揭示問題產(chǎn)生的原因 , 而這正是過程審計(jì)所要解決的 。但是,利潤作為一種事后指標(biāo)必然是反映整個(gè)創(chuàng)新過程中的效率,而在這個(gè)創(chuàng)新過程中,研究開發(fā)僅僅是其中一個(gè)較小的部分?!? ? 美國 IRI(Industrial Research Institute)對(duì) 248位負(fù)責(zé)研究開發(fā)的高級(jí)經(jīng)理調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),測(cè)度和改進(jìn) RD產(chǎn)出率與有效性仍然是一個(gè)很值得注重的問題。 ( 1) 如果 CRP80%, PR=0%; ( 2)如果 80%CRP100%, PR=70100%; ( 3)如果 100%CRP125%, PR