【正文】 我國(guó)婚姻登記管理制度改革研究（摘要） 專 業(yè)：公共管理 研究方向：行政管理 作者姓名： 指導(dǎo)教師：家庭是社會(huì)的細(xì)胞，家庭穩(wěn)定，社會(huì)才得以穩(wěn)定?；橐鲎鳛闃?gòu)成家庭的前提，對(duì)每一個(gè)家庭都起著至關(guān)重要的作用，而婚姻登記管理制度作為婚姻法的一項(xiàng)重要制度，對(duì)婚姻家庭的和諧穩(wěn)定都有著非常重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。首先，婚姻能不能成立直接取決于婚姻登記管理制度，當(dāng)事人之間是否為夫妻關(guān)系也受到婚姻登記制度的影響，為婚姻家庭法的立法提供條件；其次，在政府監(jiān)管婚姻關(guān)系上也起到重要作用，對(duì)于違法婚姻進(jìn)行嚴(yán)厲的打擊，促進(jìn)和諧社會(huì)的構(gòu)成，充分保護(hù)弱勢(shì)群體的利益。所以，不管是在保障夫妻雙方權(quán)利、維護(hù)家庭和睦還是促進(jìn)社會(huì)穩(wěn)定上，婚姻登記管理制度的合理性發(fā)揮著重要的實(shí)際作用。我國(guó)當(dāng)前的婚姻登記制度明顯的呈現(xiàn)自由化的傾向，這一趨勢(shì)的發(fā)展是從2003年頒布實(shí)施的《婚姻登記條例》開(kāi)始的，首先，這一趨勢(shì)反映出對(duì)私法自治的實(shí)施，以平等獨(dú)立的人格為前提，保證婚姻當(dāng)事人按照自己的意志處理婚姻關(guān)系中出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)部事務(wù)，并且對(duì)自己做出的行為負(fù)責(zé)；其次，當(dāng)前存在著嚴(yán)重的隨意、草率離婚的現(xiàn)象，這主要是因?yàn)槿狈τ行У墓珯?quán)力，缺乏完善的婚姻登記制度，婚姻登記所沒(méi)有充分發(fā)揮其行政作用，屢屢造成違法婚姻，再加上離婚耗費(fèi)的資金比較少，因此，對(duì)社會(huì)和家庭的的穩(wěn)定產(chǎn)生了不利的后果。現(xiàn)在實(shí)行的婚姻級(jí)別策略根本達(dá)不到社會(huì)進(jìn)步的需求。在作者看來(lái)，我們對(duì)婚姻的理解不能簡(jiǎn)單的和尊重和保護(hù)人民劃等號(hào)，國(guó)家應(yīng)當(dāng)充分發(fā)揮公權(quán)力的用處，對(duì)婚姻的管理需要有用的增大，能夠更好的達(dá)到公平合法、公正規(guī)范的婚姻形式。本文共分為四章。第一章，婚姻登記管理制度的理論基礎(chǔ)。第一，從婚姻的含義與性質(zhì)、婚姻登記的含義與性質(zhì)介紹核心概念，認(rèn)為婚姻是一種契約，也可以當(dāng)成一個(gè)確立行政的經(jīng)過(guò)。在第二點(diǎn)上理論研究里，就婚姻登記這種制度也做了解析和討論，將其歸納為管理論、服務(wù)論和文化論。一方面，婚姻登記不但體現(xiàn)出國(guó)家充分運(yùn)用社會(huì)管理職能，發(fā)揮職能功效，國(guó)家利用婚姻登記審查婚姻行為的合法性，另一方面，也是政府提供的公共服務(wù)，是政府向全社會(huì)提供的公共物品——婚姻登記服務(wù)。并且婚姻登記制度與婚姻文化有著非常緊密的聯(lián)系，相互影響，相互作用。第二章，我國(guó)婚姻登記制度的內(nèi)涵、演變歷程和改革的必要性分析。一是介紹了我國(guó)婚姻登記制度的內(nèi)涵，指出婚姻登記制度的本質(zhì)是國(guó)家公權(quán)力對(duì)“私法自治”的介入，意義則在于有助于社會(huì)主義精神文明建設(shè)、有助于保證《婚姻法》的貫徹執(zhí)行、有利于民主和睦家庭的建立、有利于規(guī)范婚姻登記工作。二是介紹了我國(guó)婚姻登記管理制度的歷史發(fā)展進(jìn)程，其中，事實(shí)婚姻的立法經(jīng)過(guò)了登記發(fā)展妥協(xié)時(shí)期、嚴(yán)格登記時(shí)期和登記可補(bǔ)辦時(shí)期三個(gè)重要的時(shí)期，當(dāng)前，我國(guó)正處于婚姻登記可補(bǔ)辦時(shí)期。我們就以目前所處的時(shí)代去看，認(rèn)為公權(quán)力缺位、對(duì)事實(shí)婚姻的態(tài)度不明。三對(duì)我國(guó)婚姻登記制度改革進(jìn)行必要性分析。上海市奉賢區(qū)婚姻登記機(jī)關(guān)行政敗訴的案例以及國(guó)五條出臺(tái)前離婚登記數(shù)量的大幅增加，凸顯了目前婚姻登記制度在審查方面的不足，缺乏必要的實(shí)質(zhì)審查，為虛假離婚、違法婚姻提供了可乘之機(jī)，成為人們規(guī)避關(guān)系自身利益的政策制度的工具，既浪費(fèi)國(guó)家資源，還造成了婚姻登記制度喪失了存在的意義，監(jiān)管作用得不到體現(xiàn)。章節(jié)三，現(xiàn)在我國(guó)的婚姻登記制度所需要應(yīng)對(duì)的狀況及問(wèn)題，還有解析出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題的因由。一是指出在制度設(shè)計(jì)上存在缺陷。目前的婚姻登記制度忽視傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗，因?yàn)楦母锏牧Χ冗^(guò)大，造成了對(duì)于國(guó)家傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的忽視，立法沒(méi)有從我國(guó)當(dāng)前的國(guó)情和實(shí)際出發(fā)；脫離現(xiàn)實(shí)國(guó)情，我國(guó)地區(qū)發(fā)展不平衡，經(jīng)濟(jì)水平差異，風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣懸殊，有些地區(qū)婚姻登記的推行遭遇“難產(chǎn)”的尷尬；背離相關(guān)制度，與戶籍管理機(jī)關(guān)、司法機(jī)關(guān)缺乏溝通。第二點(diǎn)所指的則是立法上存在的許多漏洞。立法將婚姻登記作為婚姻成立的唯一準(zhǔn)則，但實(shí)際上，這樣的做法是不正確的，面對(duì)事實(shí)婚問(wèn)題,立法的態(tài)度是模糊而糾結(jié)；婚姻登記程序過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單,缺乏針對(duì)性和可操作性，立法在審查環(huán)節(jié)失于嚴(yán)格；登記離婚制度過(guò)于寬松，相較1994年《婚姻登記管理?xiàng)l例》,現(xiàn)行條例取消了開(kāi)具介紹信及須經(jīng)歷1個(gè)月審查期的具體規(guī)定,公權(quán)干預(yù)弱化,使我國(guó)的登記離婚制度成為世界上最自由的離婚制度之一；針對(duì)現(xiàn)在的立法，在實(shí)際的登記過(guò)程中，如何管理婚姻當(dāng)事人和登記機(jī)關(guān)及其工作人員存在的不法行為的問(wèn)題，都未明確規(guī)定甚至空白；婚檢制度也不合理，在2003年《婚姻登記條例》出臺(tái)以后,婚檢率直線下滑，需要引起社會(huì)對(duì)婚檢制度的重新審視。三是通過(guò)調(diào)查問(wèn)卷分析上海市奉賢區(qū)婚姻登記制度實(shí)施狀況，定量與定性分析相結(jié)合。第四章，我國(guó)婚姻登記管理制度改革的路徑分析。一是制度構(gòu)建。文章提出婚姻成立二元建構(gòu)的制度設(shè)計(jì)，并厘定重構(gòu)后婚姻登記的效力。這樣既契合了傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)實(shí)國(guó)情,又在某種程度上解決了事實(shí)婚問(wèn)題的尷尬處境,需要注意的是，按照這種制度實(shí)施，不強(qiáng)化了婚姻登記的地位，更重要的是，當(dāng)事人在對(duì)比兩種婚姻行為的法律效力之后，毋庸置疑會(huì)自由選擇登記結(jié)婚。二是立法完善。針對(duì)針對(duì)結(jié)婚登記審查不嚴(yán)、草率離婚、婚檢、瑕疵登記、責(zé)任空白的問(wèn)題從立法層面分別給出一定建議。三是對(duì)我國(guó)現(xiàn)行婚姻登記管理制度的完善。完善結(jié)婚登記審查制度、協(xié)議離婚程序制度，引入社會(huì)工作來(lái)推進(jìn)婚姻登記管理與服務(wù)；采用自愿婚檢與強(qiáng)制孕檢相結(jié)合的方式來(lái)推行婚檢制度的實(shí)施，讓婚前健康檢查成為一種服務(wù)，一種置身法律之外的公共習(xí)俗；健全事實(shí)婚姻制度，對(duì)事實(shí)婚進(jìn)行弱保護(hù)，與登記婚有一定區(qū)別，并建立事實(shí)婚姻自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)正制度。[關(guān)鍵詞] 婚姻登記管理制度 結(jié)婚登記 離婚登記 事實(shí)婚姻 婚檢制度62 / 72Research on Marriage Registration Management Reform in China(Abstract)Major: Public AdministrationResearch Interests: AdministrationAuthor’s Name: Instructor: A family is a cell of a society. Family stability ensures the stability of a society. Marriage, as a prerequisite to constitute a family, plays a vital role. Meantime, marriage registration management system, as an important part of the Marriage Law of the harmony and stability of marriage and family, has a very important practical significance. On the one hand, marriage registration management system directly determine whether the marriage was established, determine whether there is marital relationship between the parties, is the study of marriage and family law legislative foundation。 on the other hand, marriage registration management system is conducive to government regulation of marriage, bat and punish illegal marriage, maintaining social stability, safeguard the interests of the weak. Thus, setting the marriage registration system is directly related to the basic unit of society family stability. Visible, set a reasonable marriage registration management system both for the protection of the rights of both spouses, family harmony, or social stability have a great practical significance.Since the implementation of the Marriage Registration Ordinance in 2003, China39。s current marriage registration system has been focusing on the freedom of marriage. On the one hand, it fully implements the principles and spirit of the autonomy of private law, encouraging and advocating the parties to decide all matters concerning marriage on their own on the basis of individuality equality. On the other hand, the absence of severe administrative functions, the extremely weakened marriage registration of public power, the rising illegal marriages, the low cost of divorce ,all these open a door for hasty divorces, having had a serious impact on family harmony ,stability and social order. If the existing marriage registration system goes on, the needs of society will not be met. According to the article, we cannot simply equate marriage autonomy with respect for people and protection, the country must use public power to the marriage properly and efficient management, to achieve the primary value of the justice and equality.This paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter, the theoretical basis for marriage registration management system. First introduces the core concepts from the meaning and nature, meaning and nature of marriage registration of marriage, that marriage is a contract, marriage registration is an administrative acknowledgment behavior. Second, the theory describes the marriage registration system, which is summarized as management theory, theory and Culture Services. That marriage is not just one aspect of the national registration exercise social management functions, the national marriage conduct the review tool, but also of public services provided by the government, the government of the whole of society to provide public goods marriage registration services. Marriage and marriage registration system and has a very close cultural ties, mutual influence, interaction.The second chapter, the connotation of marriage registration system, the need to analyze the evolution process and reform. First introduces the connotation of marriage registration system, pointing out that the essence of marriage registration system is a national public authority on the private autonomy of the intervention, the significance lies in the