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【正文】 osition in a social unit ? role identitycertain attitudes amp。 behaviors consistent with ? role perceptionone’s view of how he is supposed to act in ? role expectationhow others believe one’s action in given ? psychological contractan unwritten agreement that set out what management expects from the employee,amp。 vice versa ? role conflict confronted by divergent role expectation ? experimentsimulated prison structure (3)norms ? Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members ? mon classes of normsperformancerelated processes。 appearance factors(dress,loyalty) ? the “how” amp。 “why” of norms(1)explicit statement。 (2)critic events in the history。 (3)primacy。 (4)carryover behavior from past situation. Importance. (!)facilitating it’s survival。(2)increasing the predictability of the behavior。 (3)reduces embarrassing interpersonal problems。(4)central value expressing amp。 clarifying identity ? conformityadjusting one’s behavior to align with norms structure (4)status ? A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others ? formal amp。 informal statusimposed by a group through titles or amenities。acquired by such characteristic as education,age,gender,skill,amp。 experience ? status amp。 normshighstatus,deviation from norm ? status equitythe status accoutrements, congruence structure (5)size ? Large groups are good for gaining diverse inputfactfinding, but smaller groups are better at doing something productive with that input ? social loafingthe tendency for one to expend less effort when working collectively than individually others share,dispersion of responsibility ? group with an odd Nr. of members tend to be pref。 groups made up of 57 members do a good job of exercising the best elements of both small amp。 structure (6)position ? Group activities require a variety of skills amp。 knowledge,diversity,heterogeneous ? group demographythe degree to which members of a group share a mon demographic attribute,such as age,sex,race,education level,or length of service in the anization,amp。 their impact on turnover ? cohortsas part of a group, individuals holding a mon attribute processes how group processes can impact on group effectiveness ? Potential group effectiveness+ process gainsprocess losses=actual group effectiveness ? synergyan action of 2 or more substances that results in an effect that is different from the individual summation of the substance ? social facilitation effectthe tendency for performance to improve or decline in response to the presence of others ? simple routine tasksspeed up。plexclose attention task sizeperformance relationship moderated by task requirement ? The impact of group processes on the performance amp。 member satisfaction is moderated by task requirement ? the plexity amp。 interdependence of tasks ? more informationprocess capacity amp。 uncertainty, a group characterized by poor munication, weak leadership,high level of conflict,amp。 the like,doesn’t mean it will be low performing Class 7. Foundation of Group Behavior 167。 Group decision making vs. individual ? Advantages of groupsit can increase: 1. plete information amp。 knowledge。2. diversity of views。 of a solution。 ? disadvantages of groups: consuming。 to conform。 by the few。 responsibility ? effectiveness amp。 efficiency: accuracygroup decision tend to be more accurate。speedindividuals are superior。 creativity。 a
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