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2025-04-17 04:15 本頁(yè)面
【正文】 nd second waves of feminism. The first wave of feminism began, in the 1840s, as a demand for women’s equality generally. The women’s movement emerged out of the abolitionist movement, and at first feminism was part of an egalitarian worldview, closely connected to antislavery and antiracism. But in the last decade of the nieenth century, and to an even greater degree over the first two decades of the twentieth, mainstream feminism narrowed to the demand for woman suffrage. Leading feminists, mostly middle and uppermiddleclass, nativeborn white women, even made racist and antiimmigrant arguments for woman suffrage. Though the women’s movement also included workingclass women, many of them are socialists, for whom feminism remained a part of a broader mitment to social equality, by the second decade of the twentieth century, radicalism was a minor current within the women’s movement. Emma Goldman, who bined determination to resist the oppression of women with anticapitalist politics, was not typical of feminists of the first two decades of the century. For most feminists, and for the public, feminism had e to mean the vote for women and little more. Once suffrage was won, feminism lost its raison d’etre and so had little future either as a movement or as consciousness. The second wave of the women’s movement turned out differently. It did not narrow ideologically, nor did it run into any dead end, as its predecessor had. If anything over time the radical currents within the movement gained influence。 women who had entered the movement thinking that women’s equality would not require major social changes tended to bee convinced that gender inequality was linked to other dimensions of inequality, especially class and race. The women’s movement declined, in the eighties and niies, mostly because the constituency on which it had been largely based, young, mostly white, middleclass women, gradually put political activity behind them. These women were beneficiaries of, what John Kenh Galbraith has called, the “culture of contentment” of the eighties and niies. They benefited, along with the rest of the class, from the prosperity of the time。 they also benefited from affirmative action. Even as they left political activity, few feminists thought that the aims of the women’s movement had been acplished. Many thought that they could continue to work towards these aims in the arenas, mostly professional, that they were entering. Feminist consciousness was sustained in part, no doubt, because it was widely understood that its aims had not been achieved, and because many women who left the movement remained mitted to its goals. This in itself would not have led to the widespread acceptance of feminism that has taken place over the last twenty years. In the wake of the September
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