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00 words this month. ⑨ Great changes have taken place in the last ten years. 注意 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài),因此不能和表示具體的過去時(shí)間連用,如: yesterday, last month, three days ago, in 1960 等。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法: ①過去開始的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在 : I have lived here for 20 years.(動(dòng)作持續(xù)) He has been here for two hours.(狀態(tài)持續(xù)) ☆ 有少量動(dòng)詞( work,study,teach,live,? )可表一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一個(gè)動(dòng)作,但大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞不可這樣,而應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。 ②表某動(dòng)作曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過,對(duì)現(xiàn)在來講已成為既往的經(jīng)歷: I have met him .我見過他 /我已見了他。 ③表示一個(gè)斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的量結(jié)果: I have picked five baskets of apples. We have learnt ten English songs. ④表示到目前為止多少次或第幾次干某事。 I have finished reading five books so far. ②常與 for 構(gòu)成的表時(shí)間段的狀語連用 (有時(shí) for 省略) ,如: He has lived here for five years. He has been in the army for three years. ③現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可與 since 連用 , since 后加時(shí)間點(diǎn)詞語或含一般過去時(shí)的從句。 I have lived here since five years ago. I haven39。t seen him since he left here. 11 He moved here in 1980, and has lived here since. 注意 1)since 后用的動(dòng)詞不同,動(dòng)作的起算時(shí)間不同: ① since+終止性動(dòng)詞的過去式,從該動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)算起。 Mr. Li has been here since he came back. 自從李先生回來以后,他一直在這兒。t heard from him since he lived here. 自從他不住在這兒以來,我就沒有收到過他的來信。ve known Mr. Smith since I was a boy. 我小的時(shí)候就認(rèn)識(shí)史密斯先生了。s two years since we arrived 。 ④在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中,可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)代替將來完成時(shí),表示將來某時(shí)業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作: I39。在這樣的情況下 (特別是當(dāng)我們用 get, arrive, see, hear, leave, return 等代表瞬間完成的動(dòng)作時(shí)) ,多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。t believe you until I39。 We39。ll tell him after you leave/have left. ⑤ It( This/That) is the first(second… ) time that... It( This/That) is the first(second… ) that... It( This/That) is the only… that… It( This/That) is the best(biggest… ) that… 以上句型的主句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來時(shí),從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);主句用一般過去時(shí),從句用過去完成時(shí)。 It is the best film that I have ever seen. 這是我看過的最好電影。 It was the second time that I had been hurt by his words. 這是我第二次被他的話所傷。 ⑦在 must ( may, should 等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞) + have +動(dòng)詞過去分詞,表示推測和假設(shè)意義的句子里,可以與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用(詳見情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)。 ,并可接表時(shí)間段的狀語。常用的瞬間動(dòng)詞有 go, e, arrive, leave, begin, borrow, marry, die, fall, finish, stop, start, lose, sell, kill, break, meet, close, open, graduate, join 等。t received his letter for a long time. (√) 八、過去完成時(shí) 主要表示過去 某時(shí)或某事 前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況 (也可以說是“過去的過去”) 。常用的狀語有 by 1966, by the time..., by the end of..., two years before, before,等。從句中常用過 去完成時(shí)。 ② hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose, want, think 等動(dòng)詞,用法較為特別 ,以 hope 為例: 13 Ⅰ .(had) hoped 等 + to do/to have done 表示一個(gè)沒實(shí)現(xiàn)的打算、設(shè)想等。t. I had hoped to bee a doctor, but I didn39。t. 我原打算成為一名醫(yī)生,但未能夠。 I meant to call on you. But I was too busy.(尤美) 我本來想拜訪你。 I intended to catch the early train, but I got up late.(尤美) 我本打算趕上早班火車,但我起床晚了。 Jennie hoped to give her a good education. 珍妮希望給她良好教育。 He expects to have written it tomorrow evening. 他估計(jì)明天可以寫 好。 ③在含 when, as soon as, before, after, until, now that 等連詞引導(dǎo)的從句的復(fù)合句中,若主句謂語動(dòng)詞和從句謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作都發(fā)生在過去且有先后,那么先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常用過去完成時(shí)。 By the end of last year, they had finished the work. ⑤在表示過去情況的虛擬條件句中,一般用過去完成時(shí): If you had e with me, you would have seen him. ⑥在 hardly ... when, no sooner ... than, scarcely ... when 句式中 主句 用過去完成時(shí),且常采用倒裝, 從句 用一般過去時(shí)。如: Hardly had I e back when the phone rang. 說明 ①過去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài),表示的是過去的過去,只有在和過去某時(shí)或某事相比較時(shí)才會(huì)用到它。有時(shí)兩個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)都可用意思 差別不大: As soon as it (had) stopped raining, they began working again. I told them after you (had) left. He (had) told me the news before you came. ③一連串的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,用一般過去時(shí)表達(dá)。一般做法是:頭兩三句用過去完成時(shí),使人知道是追敘往事,一有機(jī)會(huì)就轉(zhuǎn)用一般過去時(shí)。 主要表示將來某時(shí)會(huì)業(yè)已發(fā)生的事情,有時(shí)用來表示一種推測。 by主要表示現(xiàn)在以前這一階段里一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞(如 work,study,live,teach 等) 用 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 和用 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 意思是差不多的 (但大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞都不可這樣換用) 。該時(shí)態(tài)間或也可用來表示現(xiàn)在以前這段時(shí)間 反復(fù) 發(fā)生的事情。 We39。如: 15 You look so tired, what have you been doing? ( 直接結(jié)果) We have been discussing the problem, but we haven39。這一動(dòng)作可能在那時(shí)還在進(jìn)行,也 可能到那個(gè)過去時(shí)間停止,它由“ had + been doing”構(gòu)成。 (美語任何人稱都用 “would +動(dòng)詞原形 ”構(gòu)成 )。主要表示從過去某時(shí)看來將要發(fā)生的事情。此外,它還可以用來表示“愿望 /傾向”,多用于否定句,談過去的情況,表示 “不肯/不會(huì) /不可能” 等等。 2)主句是過去將來時(shí),時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中用一般過去時(shí)來替代過去將來時(shí)。 3)某些非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可表過去將來,如: e, go, finish, start, leave等。 ※十四 .過去將來完成時(shí) (如: should/would have written)表示從過去某時(shí)看將來某時(shí)會(huì)業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作。 ※十五 .將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí) (如: shall/will have been writing)表示將來某時(shí)前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng) : 在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中必須 注意 時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng) (即 :主句與從句的謂語動(dòng)詞間時(shí)態(tài)的相互 影響) ,但是否需要調(diào)整時(shí)態(tài),主要服從于表達(dá)意義的需要。 賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)情況: ①主句的時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí),從句可以根據(jù)表達(dá)事實(shí)的需要用任何