【正文】 unded in 1949, is being more and more powerful. 中國是 1949 年成立的， 現(xiàn)在正變得越來越強(qiáng)大。 注意區(qū)分下列幾組句子的不同含義： 1. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college. 她那當(dāng)兵的哥哥總是鼓勵她上大學(xué)。） Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college. 她哥哥是當(dāng)兵的，他總是鼓勵她上大學(xué)。） 2. All the books that have pictures in them are well written. 所有里面帶插圖的書都 寫得很好。） All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written. 所有的書都帶插圖，這些書都寫得很好。） （一）限制性定語從句中只能用 that 引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況 1．當(dāng)先行詞是 everything, anything, nothing (something 除外 ), all, none, few, little, some 等代詞時，或當(dāng)先行詞受 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等代詞修飾時。 All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。 He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 他呆在圖書館查找所需的資料。 All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有應(yīng)邀來參加她婚禮的客人都是重要人物。如： The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在倫敦他們參觀的第一個地方是大本鐘。如： This is the best film that I have ever seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。如： This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 這正是我要買的詞典。 注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞 who。 5．當(dāng)先行詞前面有 who, which 等疑問代詞時。如： They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他們談?wù)撝麄兯苡浧鸬脑谛r的人和事。 （二）關(guān)系代詞 as 和 which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句 as 和 which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時， 其用法有相同之處，也有不同之處。如： He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她結(jié)婚了，這是很自然的事。 2. as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至還可以分割主句。另外， as 常常有 ―正如、正像 ‖的含義。 He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人，這一點我們從他的口音可以知道。 Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t believe. 張華已去過巴黎十多次了，這一點我不相信。如： Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 湯姆老是遲到，這使得老師很惱火。 1. 當(dāng)先行詞受 such, the same 修飾時，關(guān)系詞常用 as。 He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那樣傻。 注意：當(dāng)先行詞受 the same 修飾時，偶爾也用 that 引導(dǎo)定語從句，但與 as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思有區(qū)別。 She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的一樣的連衣裙。如： The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答這些問題的方式令人驚奇。 （四）關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇 用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句主要看關(guān)系詞在定語從句中的作用（即所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑? I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 我知道一個以自然景色優(yōu)美而聞名的地方。 I will never fet the days that / which we spent together. 我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起度過的日子。 This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. 這就是他向我解釋的他沒有參加會議的原因。如： There are very few but admire his talents. 很少有人不贊賞他的才干的。 The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. （定語從句） 剛剛起飛的那架飛機(jī)是開往巴黎的。 2．定語從句由 關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)相應(yīng)的句子成分，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時經(jīng)常可省略。 The news that he told me is true. （定語從句） 他告訴我的消息是真的。 The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. (定語從句 ) 我們現(xiàn)在面臨的問題是如何籌集這么多資金。 The question that he raised puzzled all of us. （定語從句） 他提出的問題讓我們很為難。 3．同位語從句與先行詞一般可以用動詞 be 發(fā)展成一個完整的句子 , 而定語從句則不能。 The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice. B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. （同位語從句） 地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)，這個事實人人皆知。 The problem is how we can protect the wild animals. （ 6）不定式的構(gòu)成 1. 不定式的構(gòu)成 不定式是由不定式符號 to+動詞原形構(gòu)成，在某些情況下 to 也可省略。如 ： They invited us to go there this summer. 他們邀請我們今年夏天去那兒。 2) 不定式的完成式 不定式的完成式所表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之后發(fā)生，它在句中可作表語、狀語、賓語，有時也可作主語、定語等。 I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉讓你等了這么久。 It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country. 對我來說，在你們國家旅行這么多地方是一件很榮幸的事情。它在句中可以用作除謂語以外的所有成分。 He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假裝在認(rèn)真地聽老師講課。 4) 不定式的完成進(jìn)行式 如果不定式表示的動作是謂語所表示時間之前一直進(jìn)行的動作，就需要用完成進(jìn)行式。 We are happy to have been helping each other these days. 我們很高興這些天能互相幫助。如： Try not to be late again next time. 盡量下次不要再遲到。 6) 疑問詞 +動詞不定式： 不定式和疑問詞 whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why 等連用可以在句中起名詞的作用，通常跟在 tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out 等動詞后面作賓語，有時也可以充當(dāng)主語、表語等。 When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么時候開會還沒有決定。 介詞后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑問詞 +不定式短語作賓語。 I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道該怎么做。這些形式可以用來作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補語。 They seemed to be satisfied with the result. 他們似乎對結(jié)果很滿意。 She was the last person to have been mentioned at the meeting. 她是會上最后一個被提到的人。 We don’t like our friends to be laughed at from time to time. 我們不喜歡我們的朋友不時地被嘲笑。 To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 掌握一門外語不是一件容易的事。如： It’s good manners to wait in line. 排隊 等候是很有禮貌的。 2) 不定式作表語： The most important thing is to put theory into practice. 最重要的事情是把理論付諸實踐。 3) 不定式作賓語： He wanted to know the truth. 他想知道真相。 He pretended to have read the book when I asked him about it. 我問到他的時候，他假裝讀過這本書。如： Do you think it better to translate it in this way? 你認(rèn)為這樣翻譯是不是更好？ I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students. 我覺得被邀請在會上面對這么多學(xué)生發(fā)言是一件很光榮的事情。如： I would like you to help me with my English exercises. 我想請你幫我做英語練習(xí)。 注意：動詞 help 后面接不定式作賓語或賓語補足語可以帶 to 也可以不帶 to。 I often hear her sing in the next room. 我經(jīng)常聽到她在隔壁唱歌。 注意： get, leave 等詞也有 ―讓 ‖―叫 ‖的意思，和使役動詞意思相近，但它們后面的不定式作賓語補足語必須要有 to。 How could you leave him to have supper with a stranger? 你怎么讓他跟一個陌生人一起吃晚飯？ 注意：當(dāng)使 役動詞和感官動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，不定式就成了主語補語，作主語補語的不定式必須加 to。 He is often heard to sing the song. 經(jīng)常有人聽到他唱這首歌。如： When he woke up, she found herself (to be ) badly injured. 她醒來的時候，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己受了重傷。 含有此類復(fù)合賓語的句子變成被動語態(tài)時，不定式同樣被稱之為主語補足語。 The situation was found to be quite encourag