【正文】 愛他，對他要求很嚴格。 China is a country which has a long history. 中國是一個歷史悠久的國家。 譯法上 譯成先行詞的定語： ―．．．的 ‖ 通常譯成主句的并列句。 意義上 是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如 刪除，主句則失去意義或意思表達不完整。 （五）限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句 限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句 形式上 不用逗號 ―， ‖與主句隔開。 Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. 他們生活的城市正發(fā)生巨大的變化。 注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句經(jīng)常可以用 ―介詞 +關(guān)系代詞 ‖引導(dǎo)的定語從句來表示。 The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受懲罰的原因我們都不知道。 Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 這是他們當(dāng)初打敵人的地方嗎？ 3． why 指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。 The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已經(jīng)被拆掉了。 Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你還記得在農(nóng)村和你祖父母一起生 活的那些年嗎？ 2． where 指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。 The time when we got together finally arrived. 我們團聚的時刻終于到了。 （四）關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 1． when 指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。 There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 我們班總共有４０個學(xué)生，大多數(shù)來自大城市。如： He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地愛著他的父母，他們倆待他都很好。 The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (誤 ) The plane in which we flew to Canada was really fortable. (正 )我們?nèi)ゼ幽么笏俗娘w機實在很舒服。關(guān)系代詞是所有格時用 whose。 This is the watch for which I am looking . (誤 ) The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正 ) 那個保姆照看的小寶寶們都很健康。如： look for, look after, take care of 等。 The manager whose pany I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions. The manager in whose pany I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions. 我工作的那家公司的經(jīng)理十分注意改善我們的工作條件。 This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday. This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. 這是我昨天跟他打臺 球的男孩。 The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous. The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾經(jīng)就讀過的學(xué)校很出名。 I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾經(jīng)住在那幢屋頂已經(jīng)倒塌了的房子里。 I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜訪了一個全國知名的科學(xué)家。 Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封來自澳大利亞的信。 Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那個人在哪兒？ The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 你介紹給我的那個人很友好。在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時?？墒÷浴? The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他們昨晚看的電影一點意思也沒有。 The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖邊的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。 The factory which makes puters is far away from here. 制造計算機的那家公司離這兒很遠。 The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend. 3． Which 指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，做賓語時?？墒÷浴? The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老師經(jīng)常表揚的那個女孩是我們的班長。 Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要見的男孩。 2． whom 指人，在定語 從句中做賓語，?？墒÷浴? Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我?guī)椭艘晃幻月返睦先恕? The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。例如： The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 該句中， who is shaking hands with my father 是定語從句，修飾先行詞 the man， ―who‖是引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞，代替先行詞 the man，在定語從句中作主語。關(guān)系代詞有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；關(guān)系副詞有 when, where, why 等。 3．關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。如： This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible. 這就是我們唯一的請求：盡快解決這個問題。 2．一些表示 ―建議、命令、要求 ‖的名詞后所跟的同位語從句中，謂語動詞用虛擬語氣 should+動詞原形表示。 The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定語從句， that 在從句中作 told的賓語，可省。 從句起限定作用，是定語 如： The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位語從句，that 不可省。如在從句中作動詞的賓語時可省略。不可省。 解釋： 1． that 引導(dǎo)的同位語從句與定語從句之區(qū)別 that 引導(dǎo)的同位語從句 that 引導(dǎo)的定語 從句 句法功能上 that 只起連接從句的作用，無意義。 We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 到哪兒去度暑假，這個問題我們還沒有決定。 連接代詞 who, which, what和連接副詞 where, when, why, how亦可引導(dǎo)同位語從句。 注：同位語從句偶爾由從屬連詞 whether 引導(dǎo)。如： They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 對你生病這件事，他們都很焦慮。 （ 4）同位語從句 1． 定義：用作同位語的從句叫做同位語從句。但客觀真理除外。 I don’t suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是嗎？ 6． 賓語從句的時態(tài)變化規(guī)律： (1) 當(dāng)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)時，從句可根據(jù)需要用任何時態(tài)。如： I don’t think you are right. 我認為你錯了。 5．賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。 用 if 引導(dǎo)賓語從句如果會引起歧義，應(yīng)避免使用 if 而用 wheter。 4．連詞 whether (…or not)或 if 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句 if 和 whether 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可以互換使用，但 whether 常和 or not 連用， if 一般不與 or not 連用。 I’m surprised that I didn’t see all that before. 我好奇怪，我以前沒看到過。如： I am not sure what I ought to do. 我不能確定我該做什么。 介詞賓語不可以用 which 來引導(dǎo)，而要用 what 來引導(dǎo)。如： He is a good student except that he is careless. 他是一個好學(xué)生，只是有點粗心。 2．作介詞的賓語：連詞 that 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語，只用在 except, but, in 后。如： We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not e yesterday. 我們認為小王昨天沒來是奇怪的。 Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做這件事的方式。 有時介詞可以省略。 I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要說什么。如： He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day. 他對那天發(fā)生的事感到很不快。 You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。 I wonder what he’s writing to me about. 我不知道他要給我寫信說什么事。 (3)連接代詞 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 連接副詞 where, when, how, why。如： I doubt whether he will succeed. 我懷疑他是否會成功。 ) 鑒于他的特殊情況，我們決定應(yīng)允他一段試用期。 ) 我簡直不相信他曾 說過這樣的話。 ) 對他我一無所知，只知道他是南方人。 ) 大家都會看出所發(fā)生的事情并知道 Tom 非常害怕。在以下情況下， that 不能省略。 I know he has returned. 我知道他已經(jīng)回來了。 2． 構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞 +簡單句 3． 引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類： (1) 從屬連詞 that。 Whichever of you es in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你們當(dāng)中不論哪個進來將會得到獎勵。如： How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子們這么安靜真奇怪！ 2．注意連接代詞 whoever, whatever, whichever 等引導(dǎo)主語從句的含義 Whoever es will be wele. (whoever=the person who) 來的人將受到歡迎。 F. 當(dāng) that 引導(dǎo)的主語從句出現(xiàn)在疑問句中時，要以 it 作形式主語，而把主語從句后置。如： It doesn’t matter whether she will e o