【正文】 如： The young man was considered to have great promise. 這個(gè)年輕人被認(rèn)為大有前途。 I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her. 我第一次見到她的時(shí)候就認(rèn)為她人很好，很誠實(shí)。 ③ think, consider, believe, declare, suppose, find, imagine, know, understand, take, prove, feel 等動(dòng)詞后面接的不定式短語作補(bǔ)語多由 to be+形容詞或名詞構(gòu)成， think, consider, find 后的 to be ?？墒÷浴Ｈ纾? Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 盡管他經(jīng)常弄哭他的小妹妹，但今天他卻被他的小妹妹弄哭了。如： I’ll get him to try it again. 我將讓他再試一次。 They make the baby go to bed at 7:00 . every day. 他們每天 讓孩子晚上 7： 00 上床睡覺。如： Who can help me (to) carry this heavy box? 誰能幫我拎這個(gè)重箱子？ ② 在 make, let, have 等使役動(dòng)詞和 see, watch, notice, hear, feel 等感官動(dòng)詞后的復(fù)合賓語中，動(dòng)詞不定式不帶 to。 I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 我從來沒想到鞋子這么快就穿破了。 4) 不定式作補(bǔ)語： ① 不定式可以和名詞 或代詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作動(dòng)詞的賓語，這時(shí)不定式被稱為賓語補(bǔ)足語。 另外，不定式在某些復(fù)合賓語中作賓語 時(shí)，人們常常用 it 代表不定式，而將真實(shí)賓語放在補(bǔ)足語之后。 I prefer to be starved to death rather than beg. 我寧愿被餓死也不愿乞討。 The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. 最大的幸福就是為大家的幸福而工作。 It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that. 聽到他那樣跟他媽媽說話我們很生氣。 在很多情況下，人們通常用 it 作為形式上的主語，而把不定式短語移到謂語之后，使句子顯得平穩(wěn)一些。 2. 不定式的語法作用 1) 不定式作主語： To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百聞不如一見。 I had to shout to be heard. 我不得不大喊才能被聽到。 He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求被派往農(nóng)村工作。如： It’s a good thing for him to have been scolded by the teacher. 對(duì)他來說，被老師責(zé)備是一件好事。 7) 不定式的被動(dòng)式： 當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng) 作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式， to be +過去分詞和 to have been +過去分詞。如： Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 瑪麗提了一些如何學(xué)習(xí)英語的建議。 The most important problem is how to get so much money. 最重要的事情是如何搞到這么多錢。如： On hearing the news, he didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry. 聽到這個(gè)消息，他不知道該哭還是該笑。 He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我們永遠(yuǎn)不要再見到她。 5) 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式是由 not 或 never 加不定式構(gòu)成。如： They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. 據(jù)說他們已經(jīng)在西藏工作 20 年了。 We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. 我們沒料到你一直在這兒等我們。如： It’s nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好，這些天一直幫我們。 3) 不定式的進(jìn)行式 不定式的進(jìn)行式表示正在進(jìn)行的與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do. 我本來想告訴你這件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。如： She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已聽說過這件事。 He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一邊讓我通過。 不定式一般有時(shí)式和語態(tài)的變化，通常有下表中的幾種形式（以 do 為例）： 主動(dòng)式 被動(dòng)式 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 進(jìn)行式 to be doing / 完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing 1) 不定式的一般式 不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作通常與主要謂語的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。 The fact is that the earth moves around the sun. C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. （同位語從句） 請(qǐng)注意如何保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物這個(gè)問題。如： A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. （同位語從句）我們可以向老師請(qǐng)教，這個(gè)主意不錯(cuò)。 The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer. （同位語從句） 他是否一定會(huì)贏得那場(chǎng)比賽，這個(gè)問題很難回答。 The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. （同位語從句） 我們?nèi)绾位I集這么多資金，這個(gè)問題很難解決。 The news that he has just died is true. （同位語從句） 他剛剛?cè)ナ懒耍@個(gè)消息是真的。同位語從句主要由連詞 that 引導(dǎo)，在從句中一般不擔(dān)當(dāng)成分；有時(shí)也由 where, when, how, who, whether, what 等連詞引導(dǎo)，這些連詞則在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。 The fact that he has already died is quite clear. （同位語從句） 他已經(jīng)去世了，這個(gè)事實(shí)很明了。（ but = who don’t） （六）定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別 1．定語從句修飾限定先行詞，它與先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語從句說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，它與先行詞是同位關(guān)系。 （五） but 有時(shí)也用作關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。 C. This is the reason why he was dismissed. 這就是他被解雇的原因。 B. I will never fet the days when we spent our holidays together. 我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起度假的日子。試比較： A. I know a place where we can have a piic. 我知道一個(gè)我們可以野炊的地方。 I don’t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜歡你沖她的樣子。 (三 ) 以 the way 為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常由 in which 或 that 引導(dǎo)，而且通常可以省略。如： She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的同一條連衣裙。 This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 這部詞典跟我上星期丟失的一樣。 如： I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我從未聽過象他講的這樣的故事。 These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 這些桌子是金屬的，這使得這些桌子很重。 注意：當(dāng)主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系 時(shí)，關(guān)系詞往往只用 which。 John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知， 約翰是個(gè)著名作家。如： As is known to all, China is a developing country. 眾所周知，中國是發(fā) 展中國家。 which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只可放在主句之后。 He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很誠實(shí)， 這一點(diǎn)我們看得出來。具體情況是： 1. as 和 which 都可以在定語從句中做主語或賓語，代表前面整個(gè)句子。 Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 瞧瞧那個(gè)沿街走來的人和他的 毛驢。如： Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在門口的那個(gè)人是誰？ Which is the Tshirt that fits me most? 哪件 T 恤衫最合我的身？ 6．當(dāng)先行詞為人與動(dòng)物或人與物時(shí)。如： Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 王華是我校唯一出席會(huì)議的人。 After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里發(fā)生了火災(zāi)過后，那輛舊車成了他的唯一擁有。 4．當(dāng)先行詞被 the very, the only 修飾時(shí)。 3．當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。 2．當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。 注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞 who，如： Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 任何有責(zé)任感的人都不會(huì)做這樣的事。 There is little that I can do for you. 我不能為你干什么。如： Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老師講的你都記下來了嗎？ There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 對(duì)他來說似乎世界上沒有什么不可能的事。（意含： 沒有不帶插圖的書。（意含： 不帶插圖的書則不一定寫得好。（意含： 她只有一個(gè)哥哥。（意含： 她還有其他哥哥。 Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天，我參觀了人民大會(huì)堂，在那兒每年都要舉行許多重要會(huì)議。 非限制性定語從句舉例 ： His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他媽媽十分地