【正文】 動(dòng)詞搭配1. add to增加，增進(jìn) add … to把…加進(jìn)…add up相加 add up to總計(jì)，所有這一切說(shuō)明2. break away from打破，脫離，掙脫，改掉break down出毛病，身體(精神)衰弱，分解，拆開(kāi)break off暫停，中斷break in強(qiáng)行進(jìn)入，插話 break into闖入break into pieces成為碎片break out爆發(fā)break up搗碎，驅(qū)散，瓦解，學(xué)期結(jié)束，拆散break through突破3. bring up撫養(yǎng)，嘔吐，提出 bring about造成 bring out拿出，出版 bring in引入，引進(jìn)，掙錢(qián)bring back使回想起bring down使下降，使倒下4. call on號(hào)召，拜訪（某人） call at拜訪、參觀（某地）call for去叫某人, 要求, 需要call up使回憶起, 征召入伍call in召集，請(qǐng)某人來(lái)call out大喊，高叫call off取消，不舉行5. e about發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)e down下跌，落，降，傳下來(lái) e in進(jìn)來(lái)e into (sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect) e on來(lái)臨/ 快點(diǎn) e out出版，結(jié)果是 e along一道來(lái)，趕快e to達(dá)到 (an end/an agreement/a stop)蘇醒，合計(jì)，總共是 e over走過(guò)來(lái)e up發(fā)芽，走近 e across偶然碰到 e back回想起e from來(lái)自，源自6. cut across抄近路 cut down砍倒，削減 cut off切斷，割掉，斷絕關(guān)系 cut up連根拔除，切碎 through剪斷，鑿穿cut out刪（?。┑簦涞?cut in插嘴 7. die of (disease/hunger/grief/old age)死于（疾病，饑餓，寒冷，情感原因）die from死于（意外事故、情形）die away漸漸消逝die out絕種die down(爐火)漸熄die off逐一死去8. fall behind落后 fall over one39。虛擬語(yǔ)氣類別 用法 例句 If引導(dǎo)的條件從句 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 從句動(dòng)詞：過(guò)去式（be用were）主句動(dòng)詞：should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形 If he were here, he would help us. 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反 從句動(dòng)詞：had+過(guò)去分詞主句動(dòng)詞：should/would/could/might+have+過(guò)去分詞 If I had been free, I would have visited you. 與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反 從句動(dòng)詞：過(guò)去式 / should+動(dòng)詞原形 / were+不定式主句動(dòng)詞：should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形 If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping. 其它狀語(yǔ)從句 as if引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式或過(guò)去完成式 They are talking as if they had been friends for years. in order that / so that引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞用can / could / may / might / would等+動(dòng)詞原形 Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly. 賓語(yǔ)從句 demand, suggest, order, insist后接的從句中動(dòng)詞為should+動(dòng)詞原形 He suggested that we not change our mind. wish后的從句中分別用過(guò)去式，過(guò)去完成式和should/would+動(dòng)詞原形表示與現(xiàn)在，過(guò)去和將來(lái)情況相反 I wish I could be a pop singer.主語(yǔ)從句 在It is necessary / important / strange that…, It is suggested / demanded / ordered / requested that… 等從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should+動(dòng)詞原形 It is strange that such a person should be our friends. 其它句型中 It is time that…句型中動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式或should+動(dòng)詞原形 It’s high time that we left. would rather所接的從句中動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式或者過(guò)去完成式 I would rather you stayed at home now. If only句型中動(dòng)詞常用過(guò)去式或者過(guò)去完成式，表示強(qiáng)烈的愿望 If only our dream had e true!十四。倒裝句種類 倒裝條件 例句 完全倒裝 here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副詞開(kāi)頭的句子表示強(qiáng)調(diào) Out rushed the children. 表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)位于句首 Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs. 強(qiáng)調(diào)表語(yǔ)，置于句首，或?yàn)楸３志渥悠胶?Present at the meeting were 1,000 students. 部分倒裝 never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not等表示否定意義的副詞放于句首 Hardly did I know what had happened. only和修飾的狀語(yǔ)放于句首 Only then did he realized the importance of English. not only…but also連接并列的句子，前倒后不倒 Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it. neither…nor…連接并列的句子，前后都倒裝 Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it. so…that, such…that中的so或such及修飾的成分放于句首時(shí)前倒后不倒 So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday. as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ) Child as he is, he has learned a lot. so, neither或nor表示前句內(nèi)容也適用于另外的人或事。 條件狀語(yǔ) if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that 從句中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不可用將來(lái)時(shí)，常用一般時(shí)代替 目的狀語(yǔ) so that, in order that, for fear that so that和in order that后常接may, should, could, would等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ) so…that, such…that 比較狀語(yǔ) than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the more 方式狀語(yǔ) as if, as though, as as if 和as though引導(dǎo)的從句一般用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。狀語(yǔ)從句種類 連接詞 注意點(diǎn) 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly 主句表示將來(lái)意義時(shí)，從句須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；while引導(dǎo)的從句中動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的；until用在肯定句中主句動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性的，而否定句中主句動(dòng)詞為短暫性的。從句和主句之間用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，不能用that引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)也不能省略。 They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.IV. 限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：類別 語(yǔ)法意義及特征 例句 限制性定語(yǔ)從句 對(duì)先行詞起修飾限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明確，這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，寫(xiě)時(shí)不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。 He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.III. as與which的區(qū)別：定語(yǔ)從句 區(qū)別 例句 限制性定語(yǔ)從句中 名詞前有such和the same修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用as,不能用which He is not such a fool as he looks.Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中 as和which都可以指代前面整個(gè)主句。2． 先行詞被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修飾時(shí)3． 先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)4． 先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)5． 先行詞被the only, the very修飾時(shí)6． 句中已經(jīng)有who或which時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)時(shí) told me everything that he knows. the books that you offered has been given out. is the best film that I have ever read. talked about the persons and things that we remembered. is the only man that I want to see. is the man that is making a speech? 只用which, who, whom的情況 1． 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2． 在由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分，并與先行詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。過(guò)去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)或主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)，含有“感到…”之意，主語(yǔ)多是人。但是有形容詞的性質(zhì)，可以做表語(yǔ)，多表明主語(yǔ)的特征性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)等，可被very, quite, rather等副詞修飾。 My dream is to bee a teacher.To obey the law is important. (dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主語(yǔ)時(shí)常用) 動(dòng)名詞 與不定式的功能區(qū)別不大，然而它更接近于名詞，表示的動(dòng)作比較抽象，或者泛指習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)也可以用it做形式主語(yǔ)，做表語(yǔ)時(shí)可以和主語(yǔ)互換位置。動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài) We found the village greatly changed.IV. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：區(qū)別 舉例 不定式 與被修飾詞往往有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，一般式表示將來(lái)，進(jìn)行式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，完成式表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生 I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be typed. 動(dòng)名詞 通常指被修飾詞的用途，無(wú)邏輯上的任何關(guān)系 Shall we go to the swimming pool? 現(xiàn)在分詞 與被修飾詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生 the boiling water / the boiled waterthe developing country/the developed countrythe falling leaves / the fallen leaves 過(guò)去分詞 與被修飾詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前，現(xiàn)已經(jīng)完成V. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：區(qū)別 舉例 不定式 多表示一個(gè)特定的具體的將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，做主語(yǔ)時(shí)可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成 I heard him call me several times. have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 現(xiàn)在分詞 notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主謂關(guān)系。其形式為：needn’t/daren’t do；Need/dare…do…?做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問(wèn)句。2. used to和would: used to表示過(guò)去常常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習(xí)慣，而would只表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣或喜好，不涉及現(xiàn)在。Be able to有更多的時(shí)態(tài)。 it was so near.（推測(cè)某事本來(lái)可能發(fā)生，但實(shí)際上沒(méi)有發(fā)生）Can he be in the office no