【正文】 echniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or (15) gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in bination with the performer39。s selfimage, perception of others, and emotional health. Selfimage can be indicated by a tone of voice that is (20) confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listener39。s (A) general physical health (B) personality (C) ability to municate (D) vocal quality 40. According to the passage, an overconfident front may hide (A) hostility (B) shyness (C) friendliness (D) strength 41. The word drastically in line 24 is closest in meaning to (A) frequently (B) exactly (C) severely (D) easily 42. The word evidenced in line 25 is closest in meaning to (A) questioned (B) repeated (C) indicated (D) exaggerated 43. According to the passage, what does a constricted and harsh voice indicate? (A) Lethargy (B) Depression (C) Boredom (D) Anger Questions 4450 As the twentieth century began, the importance of formal education in the United States increased The frontier had mostly disappeared and by 1910 most Americans lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic line life bined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling (5) increasingly important for economic and social mobility. Increasingly, too, schools were viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants into American society. The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn of the century coincided with and contributed to an enormous expansion of formal (10) schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was pulsory in most states, and the school year was greatly lengthened. Kindergartens, vacation schools, extracurricular activities, and vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students, many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants. Classes for adult immigrants were (15) sponsored by public schools, corporations, unions, churches, settlement houses, and other agencies. Reformers early in the twentieth century suggested that education programs should suit the needs of specific populations. Immigrant women were one such population. Schools tried to educate young women so they could occupy productive places in the (20) urban industrial economy, and one place many educators considered appropriate for women was the home. Although looking after the house and family was familiar to immigrant women, American education gave homemaking a new definition. In preindustrial economies, homemaking had meant the production as well as the consumption of goods, and it (25) monly included ineproducing activities both inside and outside the home, in the highly industrialized earlytwentiethcentury United States, however, overproduction rather than scarcity was being a problem. Thus, the ideal American homemaker was viewed as a consumer rather than a producer. Schools trained women to be consumer homemakers cooking, shopping, decorating, and caring for children (30) efficiently in their own homes, or if economic necessity demanded, as employees in the homes of others. Subsequent reforms have made these notions seem quite outofdate. 44. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that one important factor in the increasing importance of education in the United States was (A) the growing number of schools in frontier munities (B) an increase in the number of trained teachers (C) the expanding economic problems of schools (D) the increased urbanization of the entire country 45. The word means in line 6 is closest in meaning to (A) advantages (B) probability (C) method (D) qualifications 46. The phrase coincided with in line 9 is closest in meaning to (A) was influenced by (B) happened at the same time as (C) began to grow rapidly (D) ensured the success of 47. According to the passage, one important change in United States education by the 192