【正文】 sare removed by some correct measurement procedures(e , g, , balancing backsight and foresight distance in differential leveling to pensate for earth curvature and refraction).Others are removed by deriving corrections based on the physical conditions that were responsible for their creation(e ,g , applying a puted correction for earth curvature and refraction on a trigonometric leveling observation).Surveyors should know how to deal with systematic first requirement is to recognize and accept the possible existence of , identify the various sources that might be affecting a reading systematically , then , determine what the system it a constant , linear, or in proportion to the size of the quantity being measured ? Or , does it follow some other mathematical relationship ? Is there some physics involved ? Once systematic errors discovered and quantified , the errors can be essentially pensated by certain processes of measuring or correctedto reduce their calibration of all instruments is an essential part of controlling systematic errorsRandom (also known as a accident)errors are introduce into each measurement mainly because of human and instrument imperfections as well as uncertainties in determining the effects of the environment on all mistakes and systematic errors have been removed from the measured values , the random errors general , random errors are unavoidable and relatively usually do not follow any physical law , but it can be deal with and estimated according to the mathematical laws of of random errors are(a)imperfect centering over a ground point during distance measurement with an EDM instrument ,(b)bubble not centered at the instant a level rod is read , and(c)small errors in reading graduated scalesUnderstanding the nature of random errors helps to understand why random errors never reallyfully corrected , since the observation of the physical phenomena contains personal , random , measurement have “uncertainties” or random errors that remain errorsare dealt with by controlling or managing is a quality control cannot be corrected or eliminated , only minimized and controlled.第四篇：制藥工程專業(yè)英語 Unit 13 課文翻譯Unit 13Sterile ProductsSterile ProductsSterile products are dosage forms of therapeutic agents that are free of viable ，these include parenteral，ophthalmic，irrigating these, and parenteral products are unique among dosage forms of drugs because they are injected through the skin or mucous membranes into internal body ，because they have circumvented the highly efficient first line of body defense，the skin and mucous membranes，they must be free from microbial contamination and from toxic ponents as well as possess an exceptionally high level of ponents and processes involved in the preparation of these products must be selected and designed to eliminate，as much as possible，contamination of all types，whether of physical，chemical，or microbiologic for the eye, though not introduced into internal body cavities，are placed in contact with tissues that are very sensitive to ，similar standards are required for ophthalmic preparations).Irrigating solutions are now also required to meet the same standards as parenteral solutions because during an irrigation procedure，substantial amounts of these solutions can enter the bloodstream directly through open blood vessels of wounds or abraded mucous ，the characteristics and standards presented in this chapter for the production of largevolume parenteral solutions apply equally to irrigating products are most frequently solutions or suspensions，but may even be solid pellets for tissue control of a process to minimize contamination for a small quantity of such a product can be achieved with relative the quantity of product increases，the problems of controlling the process to prevent contamination ，the preparation of sterile products has bee a highly specialized area in pharmaceutical standards established，the attitude of personnel，and the process control must be of a第13 單元 無菌產(chǎn)品 無菌產(chǎn)品 無菌產(chǎn)品是不含微生物活體的治療劑劑型，其主要包括非腸道用的、眼用的和沖洗用的制劑。這樣，由于它們進(jìn)入了高效率的人體第一道免疫防線——皮膚和黏膜，（所以）它們必須沒有微生物感染和有毒成分，同時(shí)又（必須）具有特別高的純度。眼用制劑盡管沒有被引入到內(nèi)部體腔，但它仍與對(duì)污染（物）敏感的組織有接觸，因此，對(duì)眼用制劑也要求（與非腸道用制劑）類似的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。因此，本章中描述的有關(guān)非腸道用溶液大批量生產(chǎn)的特點(diǎn)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對(duì)于沖洗液同樣適用。對(duì)于少量的這種產(chǎn)品，使其污染降到最低的工藝控制可以相對(duì)容易地實(shí)現(xiàn)。因而，無菌產(chǎn)品的制備已經(jīng)成為藥品加工里一個(gè)高度專業(yè)化的領(lǐng)域。superior By far the most frequently employed vehicle for sterileproducts is water，since it is the vehicle for all natural body superior quality required for such use isdescribed in the monograph on Water for Injection in the may be even more stringent for someproducts， of the most inclusive tests for the quality of water isthe total solids content，a gravimetric evaluation of thedissociated and undissociated organic and inorganicsubstances present in the ，a lesstimeconsuming test，the electrolytic measurement ofconductivity of the water，is the one most frequently measurements can be obtained by immersingelectrodes in the water and measuring the specificconductance, a measurement that depends on the ioniccontent of the conductance may be expressed