【正文】 t of geomatics. （連同土地測量學(xué)，攝影測量學(xué)，遙感和制圖學(xué)一起， GIS 也是測繪學(xué)中重要的 一個(gè) 組成部分。） Data management and process are handled through the use of puter programs for engineering design, digital photogrammetry, image analysis, relational data base management, and geographic information systems (GIS). （通過計(jì)算機(jī)程序，數(shù)據(jù)管理和處理 應(yīng)用于工程設(shè)計(jì)，數(shù)字?jǐn)z影測量【 digital photogrammetry】， 圖像分析，相關(guān)資料庫的管理和 GIS。 the presentations are displayed on puter screens(where interactive editing can occur) and are output on paper from digital plotting devices.（數(shù)據(jù)成圖【數(shù)字成圖】是通過制圖和其他直觀的 計(jì)算機(jī)程 序【 illustrative 直觀的、說明性的】進(jìn)行的；其表達(dá)顯示在計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕上（交互式編輯處理），也可 以通過數(shù)字繪圖儀輸出到紙上。） Other Definitions of Geomatics（測繪學(xué)的其他定義） As defined by the Canadian Institute of Geomatics in their quarterly journal “ Geomatica” : Geomatics is a field of activities which, using a systemic approach, integrates all the means used to acquire and manage spatial data required as part of scientific, administrative, legal and technical operations【業(yè)務(wù)】 involved in the process of the production and management of spatial information. （加拿大測量學(xué)會(huì)【 Canadian Institute of Geomatics】在他們的季刊“地球空間信息學(xué)”中這樣定義：測繪 學(xué)是利用系統(tǒng)的方法，為生產(chǎn)和處理【 management】科學(xué)的，行政的，法律的【 legal】和技術(shù)的業(yè)務(wù)【 operations】 所需的空間信息，將所有獲取和管理空間信息的方法【 means】整合在一起的活動(dòng)領(lǐng)域。 現(xiàn)行的一個(gè)定義是“涉及工藝、科學(xué)和技術(shù)的地理信息的處理”。它包括地籍測量、水道測量和海圖測量，在土地管理和土地使用中扮演重要的角色。這些數(shù)據(jù)來自各種數(shù)據(jù)源，包括地球軌道衛(wèi)星，空載和艦載傳感器及地面儀器。它的應(yīng)用覆蓋所有依賴空間數(shù)據(jù)的學(xué)科，包括環(huán) 境研究，規(guī)劃，工程學(xué)，導(dǎo)航，地質(zhì)和地球物理學(xué)，海洋學(xué)，土地開發(fā)，土地經(jīng)營和旅游學(xué)。） [from the School of Geomatic Engineering, Univ. of New South Wales]（摘自新南威爾士大學(xué)測繪 【或地 球空間信息學(xué)】工程學(xué)院） Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation, analysis, management, retrieval and display of spatial data concerning both the Earths physical features and the built environment. The principal disciplines embraced by Geomatics include the mapping sciences, land management, geographic information systems, environmental visualization, geodesy, photogrammetry, remote sensing and surveying. （測繪學(xué)是測量、表示，分析，處理，重獲和顯示關(guān)于地球物理特征和環(huán)境的空間數(shù)據(jù)的科學(xué)。） [from the Dept. of Geomatics at Univ. of Melbourne]（摘自墨爾本大學(xué)測繪學(xué)系【或者地球空間信息學(xué)系】 Geomatics prises the science, engineering, and art involved in collecting and managing geographicallyreferenced information. Geographical information plays an important role in activities such as environmental monitoring, management of land and marine resources, and real estate transactions. （測繪學(xué)包括自然科學(xué)，工程學(xué)和工藝或【技術(shù)】學(xué)；對(duì)地理信息的收集與管理。 [from the Dept. of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering at UNB]（摘自加拿大紐布朗斯 維克大學(xué) 測量與大 地測量學(xué)系） The science of Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation, analysis, management, retrieval and display of spatial information describing both the Earth’ s physical features and the built environment. Geomatics includes disciplines such as : Surveying, Geodesy, Remote Sensing amp。測繪學(xué)包括的學(xué)科有：測量學(xué)，大地測量學(xué)，遙感和攝影測量學(xué)，制圖學(xué)， GIS， GPS ） [from the Dept. of Sruveying and Spatial Information Science at the Univ. of Tasmania] （摘自塔斯馬尼亞大學(xué)，測量與空間信息科學(xué)系） Unit 33 Distance Measurement（距離測量） One of the fundamentals of surveying is the need to measure distance. （ 測 量 工 作 的 一 項(xiàng) 基 礎(chǔ) 【 fundamental 基本原則，同時(shí)有基礎(chǔ)的意思】是距離測量） Distances are not necessarily linear, especially if they occur on the spherical earth. （距離不一定指的是直 線的，尤其是在地球曲面上的距離） In this subject we will deal with distances in Euclidean space, which we can consider a straight line from one point or feature to another. （這里【 In this subject 翻譯成這里】，我們所涉及的是歐幾里德空間， 我們可以認(rèn)為一條從一點(diǎn)到另一點(diǎn)或一個(gè)特征到另一個(gè)特征的線是直線。） Horizontal and slope distances can be measured with lots of techniques of measurement depending on the desired quality of the result. （根據(jù)測量結(jié)果的精度【 quality 質(zhì)量】要求不同，平距或斜距有多種測 量方法） If the points are at different elevations, then the distance is the horizontal length between plumb lines at the points. （如果這些點(diǎn)在不同高程上，那么平距指的是過點(diǎn)的垂線 【 plumb lines】之間的水平長 度。） Pacing can be performed at an accuracy level of 1/100~1/500 when performed on horizontal land, while the accuracy of pacing can’ t be relied upon when pacing up or down steep hills.（當(dāng)在水平場地進(jìn)行時(shí)， 步測可以達(dá)到 1/100 到 1/500 的相對(duì)精度，而當(dāng)?shù)孛嫫鸱^大時(shí)，這樣的精度就不能保證了。） With the circumference of the wheel known, the relation between revolutions and distance is fixed. （由 于知道了輪子的周長【 circumference of the wheel 輪周】，轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)【 revolution 這里有轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)的意思】和 距 離之間的關(guān)系就確定下來【 fix 確定】。） Ordinary taping refers to the very mon tapes that we can buy them in stores, such as the plastic tapes or poly tapes. （普通尺距測量使用【 refers to 引用】的是我們可以在商店里買到的非常普遍的的尺子， 例如塑膠尺或滌綸尺。） Since different tapes have different starts of zero of the tapes, it is very important to judge where the zero of the tape begins.（由于不同的尺有不同的 0 刻度，判斷尺的 0 刻度在哪兒十分重要。） Tacheometry involves the measurement of a related distance parameter【參數(shù)】 either by means of a fixedangle intercept.（視距測量包括一個(gè)相關(guān)距離參數(shù)的測量和依靠定角截距的測量【 by means of 依靠】【 either 表示并列】） Theodolite tacheometry is an example of stadia system. （經(jīng)緯儀視距測量就是視距儀器的一個(gè)例子） The theodolite is directed at the level staff where the staff is held vertically and the line of sight of the telescope is horizontal.（將經(jīng)緯儀【 is directed at 被動(dòng)語態(tài)，翻譯為將； direct at 對(duì)準(zhǔn)??】對(duì)準(zhǔn)水 準(zhǔn)尺【 level staff】，水準(zhǔn)尺豎直，望遠(yuǎn)鏡的視線【可以翻譯為視準(zhǔn)軸】水平。 也就是【 ？】， D=Ks + C） Usually the nominal stadia interval factor K equals 100 which is a constant for a particular instrument as long as conditions remain unchanged, but it may be determined by observation in practice.（通常，名義 上的視距常數(shù) K 等于 100，只要【 as long as】條件保持不變，它就是個(gè)特別裝置的【 particular instrument 指代視距裝置】常數(shù)【 constant 常數(shù)】但在實(shí)踐中可以通過觀測確定） The value of C is determined by the manufacturer and stated on the inside of the instrument box.（ C 值由 廠商決定并固定在儀器之內(nèi)） For externalfocusing telescopes, under ordinary condition, C may be considered as 1 ft without error of consequence.（對(duì)于外調(diào)焦望遠(yuǎn)鏡，通常情況下， C 被認(rèn)為是 1 英尺而不會(huì)給結(jié)果帶來錯(cuò)誤。 this is an advantage of internalfocus telescopes for stadia work.（內(nèi)調(diào)焦望遠(yuǎn)鏡因此被發(fā)明【 construct 建立、創(chuàng)立】， C 為或 近似為 0；這是內(nèi)調(diào)焦望遠(yuǎn)鏡在視距測量中的一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)。） The advent of EDM instrument has pletely revolutionized all sur