【正文】 d with the measurement, representation, analysis, management, retrieval and display of spatial data concerning both the Earths physical features and the built environment. The principal disciplines embraced by Geomatics include the mapping sciences, land management, geographic information systems, environmental visualization, geodesy, photogrammetry, remote sensing and surveying. （測(cè)繪學(xué)是測(cè)量、表示，分析，處理，重獲和顯示關(guān)于地球物理特征和環(huán)境的空間數(shù)據(jù)的科學(xué)。這些數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自各種數(shù)據(jù)源，包括地球軌道衛(wèi)星，空載和艦載傳感器及地面儀器。 現(xiàn)行的一個(gè)定義是“涉及工藝、科學(xué)和技術(shù)的地理信息的處理”。 the presentations are displayed on puter screens(where interactive editing can occur) and are output on paper from digital plotting devices.（數(shù)據(jù)成圖【數(shù)字成圖】是通過(guò)制圖和其他直觀的 計(jì)算機(jī)程 序【 illustrative 直觀的、說(shuō)明性的】進(jìn)行的；其表達(dá)顯示在計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕上（交互式編輯處理），也可 以通過(guò)數(shù)字繪圖儀輸出到紙上。） Along with land surveying, photogrammetry, remote sensing, and cartography, GIS is an important ponent of geomatics. （連同土地測(cè)量學(xué)，攝影測(cè)量學(xué)，遙感和制圖學(xué)一起， GIS 也是測(cè)繪學(xué)中重要的 一個(gè) 組成部分。） To enable graduates to take full advantage of these developments, significant changes in education and training are required.（為了使畢業(yè)生能充分利用【 take full advantage of】這些發(fā)展，教育和訓(xùn)練的 重大改革【 significant changes】成為必需的） Academic and professional institutions are also responding, in part, by adopting the term geomatics both as a course and as an award title. （學(xué)院的和專業(yè)的機(jī)構(gòu)也作出反應(yīng)，部分地，采用術(shù)語(yǔ)“ geomatics” 作為一門課程和一項(xiàng)授予資格【授予 學(xué)位名稱】?！浚? The term geomatics is a recent creation to convey the true collective and scientific nature of these related activities and has the flexibility to allow for the incorporation of future technological developments in these fields.（ geomatics 這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)是個(gè)新詞，表達(dá)【 convey 傳達(dá)】了實(shí)體集合和它們相關(guān) 聯(lián)【 related】的活動(dòng)的自然科學(xué)，并使這些領(lǐng)域的未來(lái)技術(shù)發(fā)展的結(jié)合【 incorporation 結(jié)合】成為可能。【逗 號(hào)后面的句子修飾 demand】） Increasingly critical are areas of expanding populations, appreciating land values, dwindling natural resources, and the continuing stressing of the quality of our land, water and air from human activities. （日益增長(zhǎng)的危機(jī)來(lái)自人口擴(kuò)張，地價(jià)上漲，資源緊縮【緊張】，還有由于人類活動(dòng)引起的土地、水、空氣質(zhì)量 的持續(xù)的壓力【由人類活動(dòng)帶來(lái)的土地、水、空氣質(zhì)量的惡化】 As such, geomatics bridges wide arcs from the geosciences through various engineering sciences and puter sciences to spatial planning, land development and the environmental sciences.（這樣，測(cè) 繪學(xué)在地球科學(xué)，各種工程學(xué)【 engineering sciences 工程學(xué)】，計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)，空間規(guī)劃，土地開(kāi)發(fā)和環(huán)境科學(xué) 相互之間架起了廣泛的橋梁。Uuit1 What is Geomatics? （什么是測(cè)繪學(xué)） Geomatics Defined（測(cè)繪學(xué)定義） Where does the word Geomatics e from?（ Geomatics－測(cè)繪或地球空間信息學(xué)，這個(gè)名詞是怎么來(lái)的呢？） GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICS or GEO for earth and – MATICS for mathematical or GEO for Geoscience and MATICS for informatics. （大地測(cè)量學(xué)＋地理信息學(xué)＝ GEOMATICS 測(cè)繪學(xué) 或者 geo 代表地 球， matics 代表數(shù)學(xué)，或者 geo 代表地球科學(xué)， matics 代表信息學(xué)） It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people.（據(jù)說(shuō)測(cè)繪學(xué)這個(gè)詞對(duì)不同的人有不同的 理解） The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline。） Now the word geomatics has been adopted by several international bodies including the International Standards Organization(ISO),so it is here to stay.（現(xiàn)在 geomatics 這個(gè)詞已經(jīng)被包括 ISO【國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化 組織】在內(nèi)的數(shù)個(gè)國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu)【 international bodies】所采用， 因此它就這樣被普遍接受【 be here to stay 習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)“被普遍接受”】 The term “ surveyor” is traditionally used to collectively describe those engaged in the above activities. （ surveyor 這個(gè)詞按慣例用來(lái)總指（這換成“總稱”較好）【 collectively 全體的】那 些從事上述 活動(dòng)的人。 【 flexibility 彈性、機(jī)動(dòng)性】） Adoption of the term also allows a coherent marketing of the profession to industry and schools on a worldwide basis. （這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的采用同時(shí)也在全世界范圍里為行業(yè)【 industry】里和學(xué)校建立了【 allow 允 許了】一個(gè)一致的【 coherent】專業(yè)市場(chǎng)） As a result, both course and award titles in the traditional Land Surveying sector at many of the world’ s leading universities are being changed to “ Degree in Geomatics” . （結(jié)果，世界上許多一流大學(xué)的 傳統(tǒng)的測(cè)量專業(yè)【部門】的無(wú)論是課程還是授予資【授予學(xué)位名稱】格都改為“測(cè)繪學(xué)位”【 Degree in Geomatics】 的了） This does not suggest the demise of the term “ surveyor” and graduates will still practice as land surveyors or photogammertrists, etc. as appropriate to their specialization.（這并不意味著“ surveyor” 這個(gè)詞的消亡，測(cè)繪畢業(yè)生還將從事適合他們專業(yè)的【 as appropriate to their specialization】土地測(cè)量員、 攝影測(cè)量員及其他【 ect.】的工作） In the last decade, there has been dramatic development and growth in the use of hardware and software solutions to both measure and process geospatial data.（在過(guò)去的十年中，在應(yīng)用硬件和軟件的方法 【 solution 解決方法】來(lái)測(cè)量和處理地球空間數(shù)據(jù)工作時(shí) 有著戲劇性的發(fā)展和增長(zhǎng)） [in the use of 在使用?? 時(shí) ] This has created and will continue to create new areas of application, with associated job opportunities for suitably qualified graduates. （創(chuàng)造并將繼續(xù)創(chuàng)造新的應(yīng)用【 application】領(lǐng)域，并為合適的、合格 【 qualified 有資格的】的畢業(yè)生提供相關(guān)的【 associated】工作。） A working definition of geomatics, which reflects current thinking and predicted change, is:（測(cè)繪 學(xué)的一個(gè)現(xiàn)在使用的反映了當(dāng)前的思想和對(duì)未來(lái)的預(yù)期的定義是：） The science and technology of acquiring, storing, processing, managing, analyzing and presenting geographically referenced information(geospatial data ).（獲取、處理、存儲(chǔ)，分析和上呈【 presenting 呈現(xiàn)】地理參考信息（地理空間信息）的科學(xué)和技術(shù)。） Branches of Geomatics（測(cè)繪學(xué)分支） Data acquisition techniques include field surveying, global positioning system(GPS), satellite positioning, and remotely sensed imagery obtained through aerial photography and satellite imagery. （數(shù)據(jù)獲取技術(shù)包括普通野外測(cè)量， GPS 測(cè)量 ，衛(wèi)星定位和遙感圖像獲取，通過(guò)航空攝影和衛(wèi)星成像） It also includes the acquisition of database material scanned from older maps and plans and data collected by related agencies.（它還包括數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)資料的獲取――通過(guò)掃描就有地圖和設(shè)計(jì)圖，還有有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu) 收集的數(shù)據(jù)?！?handle 操作、處理】） Once the positions and attributes of geographic entities have been digitized and stored in puter memory, they are available for use by a wide variety of users.（一旦地理實(shí)體的位置和 屬性被數(shù)字化并 被存儲(chǔ)進(jìn)計(jì)算機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器，就可以有效的【 available 有效的、可用的】為廣泛的各種的使用者所用） Through the use of modern information technology(IT), geomatics brings together professionals in the following disciplines: surveying, mapping, remote sensing, land registration, civil and marine engineering, forestry, agriculture, planning and development, geology, geographical sciences, infrastructure management, navigation, environmental and natural resources mo