【正文】 also responding, in part, by adopting the term geomaticsboth as a course and as an award title. （學院的和專業(yè)的機構(gòu)也作出反應，部分地，采用術(shù)語“geomatics” 作為一門課程和一項授予資格【授予學位名稱】。）This broad term applies both to science and technology, and mapping, geodesy, satellite positioning,photogrammetry, remote sensing, geographic information systems(GIS), land management ,putersystems, environmental visualization and puter graphics.（這個廣泛的術(shù)語應用于科學和技術(shù)，以及制圖、大地測量學、衛(wèi)星定位、攝影測量學、遙感、地理信息系統(tǒng)、土地管理、計算機系統(tǒng)、環(huán)境可視化和計算 機制圖等領(lǐng)域）Several terms such as “geomatics” ,“geomatic engineering,” and “geoinformatics” are now inmon use pertaining to activities generally concerned with geographic information.（現(xiàn)在一些術(shù)語如“測繪學”，“測繪工程”和“地學信息學”共同應用于某些活動中―――專屬于【pertain to】通?！緂enerally】 涉及【concern with】地理信息的活動。）Along with land surveying, photogrammetry, remote sensing, and cartography, GIS is an importantponent of geomatics. （連同土地測量學，攝影測量學，遙感和制圖學一起，GIS 也是測繪學中重要的一個 組成部分。）Data management and process are handled through the use of puter programs for engineering design,digital photogrammetry, image analysis, relational data base management, and geographic informationsystems (GIS). （通過計算機程序，數(shù)據(jù)管理和處理 應用于工程設計，數(shù)字攝影測量【digital photogrammetry】， 圖像分析，相關(guān)資料庫的管理和 GIS。 the presentations are displayed on puter screens(where interactive editing can occur)and are output on paper from digital plotting devices.（數(shù)據(jù)成圖【數(shù)字成圖】是通過制圖和其他直觀的計算機程序【illustrative 直觀的、說明性的】進行的；其表達顯示在計算機屏幕上（交互式編輯處理），也可 以通過數(shù)字繪圖儀輸出到紙上。）Other Definitions of Geomatics（測繪學的其他定義）As defined by the Canadian Institute of Geomatics in their quarterly journal “Geomatica”:Geomatics is a field of activities which, using a systemic approach, integrates all the means usedto acquire and manage spatial data required as part of scientific, administrative, legal and technicaloperations【業(yè)務】 involved in the process of the production and management of spatial information.（加拿大測量學會【Canadian Institute of Geomatics】在他們的季刊“地球空間信息學”中這樣定義：測繪學是利用系統(tǒng)的方法，為生產(chǎn)和處理【management】科學的，行政的，法律的【legal】和技術(shù)的業(yè)務【operations】 所需的空間信息，將所有獲取和管理空間信息的方法【means】整合在一起的活動領(lǐng)域?，F(xiàn)行的一個定義是“涉及工藝、科學和技術(shù)的地理信息的處理”。它包括地籍測量、水道測量和海圖測量，在土地管理和土地使用中扮演重要的角色。這些數(shù)據(jù)來自各種數(shù)據(jù)源，包括地球軌道衛(wèi)星，空載和艦載傳感器及地面儀器。它的應用覆蓋所有依賴空間數(shù)據(jù)的學科，包括環(huán)境研究，規(guī)劃，工程學，導航，地質(zhì)和地球物理學，海洋學，土地開發(fā)，土地經(jīng)營和旅游學。）[from the School of Geomatic Engineering, Univ. of New South Wales]（摘自新南威爾士大學測繪【或地球空間信息學】工程學院）Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation, analysis, management, retrieval anddisplay of spatial data concerning both the Earths physical features and the built environment. Theprincipal disciplines embraced by Geomatics include the mapping sciences, land management, geographicinformation systems, environmental visualization, geodesy, photogrammetry, remote sensing andsurveying.（測繪學是測量、表示，分析，處理，重獲和顯示關(guān)于地球物理特征和環(huán)境的空間數(shù)據(jù)的科學。）[from the Dept. of Geomatics at Univ. of Melbourne]（摘自墨爾本大學測繪學系【或者地球空間信息學系】 Geomatics prises the science, engineering, and art involved in collecting and managinggeographicallyreferenced information. Geographical information plays an important role in activitiessuch as environmental monitoring, management of land and marine resources, and real estate transactions.（測繪學包括自然科學，工程學和工藝或【技術(shù)】學；對地理信息的收集與管理。[from the Dept. of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering at UNB]（摘自加拿大紐布朗斯 維克大學 測量與大 地測量學系）The science of Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation, analysis, management,retrieval and display of spatial information describing both the Earth’s physical features and thebuilt environment. Geomatics includes disciplines such as :Surveying, Geodesy, Remote Sensing amp。 Photogrammetry, Cartography, Geographic Information Systems,Global Positioning Systems.（測繪學測量，表示，分析，管理，重獲和顯示空間信息，用來描述地球物理特 征和環(huán)境。）Distance between two points can be horizontal, slope, or vertical. （兩點之間的距離可以是平距、斜距、或者是垂距。）Here gives a brief summary of relevant techniques and their respective accuracies: （這里給出一個簡短的相關(guān)【relevant 相關(guān)的】技術(shù)的摘要【summary 摘要】和它們各自的【respective 各自的】精度）Pacing and Odometer（步測和自動計程儀）Pacing is a very useful form of measurement though it is not precise, especially when surveyors arelooking for survey marks in the field.（雖然不精確，但步測是一個非常有用的測量方法【form ofmeasurement】，尤其是測量者在野外尋找測量標志時。）The odometer is a simple device that can be attached to any vehicle and directly registers the number ofrevolutions of a wheel.（自動計程儀是一個簡單的裝置，可以附屬于【be attached to 附屬于】車輛之上并直接記錄【register 記錄 v.】輪子的旋轉(zhuǎn)周數(shù)。）Ordinary Taping and PreciseTaping（普通尺距測量和精密尺距測量）Taping is a very mon technique for measuring horizontal distance between two points.（尺距測量是 測量兩點之間平距的非常普遍的方法。）Such tapes have low precision in distance measurements with about 1/3000~1/5000.（這種尺的精度低， 測距精度只有 1/3000 到 1/5000）The precise taping refers to the steel tapes and which are much more expensive than the plastic tape and have higher precision of 1/10000~1/30000.（精密尺距測量使用的是比塑膠尺貴的多的鋼尺，并具有 更高的精度――1/10000 到 1/30000）Invar tapes are posed 35% nickel and 65% steel.（因瓦尺是由 35％的鎳和 65％的鋼組成） This alloy has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, making the tapes useful in precise distance measurement. （這種合金具有非常低的熱膨脹【thermal expansion】系數(shù)【coefficient】，使得這種 尺利于精密距離測量）Many tapes are now graduated with foot units on one side and metric units on the reverse side. （現(xiàn)在許多 尺上都在正面標刻【graduate 標刻、刻】了英尺計量單位，而在反面標刻了米制計量單位）Metric units are in meters, centimeter and minimeter with the total length of 20 m, 30 m, 50 m and 100 m. （米制計量單位是米，厘米和毫米，尺的總長為 20m、30m、50m 或 100m）If we want to measure the horizontal distance between the two points A and B, we can do like this:（如果 我們想測量 A 點和 B 點之間的平距，我們可以這樣來做：）With zero of the tape to the higher point B and tape going along the point A, we can measure thehorizontal distance by using the plumb bob with pump line entering to the point A.（將尺的 0 刻度對準較高點 B 點，尺沿向 A 點，我們可以利用在 A 點的鉛垂【plumb bob】垂線【pump line 應為 plumb line 垂線】測出平距）To judge the exact horizontal line, we should move the tape up and down along the pump line and we will find the changes of reading in the tape.（為了確定準確的水平線，我們應沿垂線方