【正文】 rmation.（現(xiàn)在一些術(shù)語(yǔ)如“測(cè)繪學(xué)”，“測(cè)繪工程”和“地學(xué)信息學(xué)”共同應(yīng)用于某些活動(dòng)中―――專屬于【pertain to】通?！緂enerally】涉及【concern with】地理信息的活動(dòng)。）Along with land surveying, photogrammetry, remote sensing, and cartography, GIS is an importantponent of geomatics. （連同土地測(cè)量學(xué)，攝影測(cè)量學(xué)，遙感和制圖學(xué)一起，GIS 也是測(cè)繪學(xué)中重要的一個(gè)組成部分。）Data management and process are handled through the use of puter programs for engineering design,digital photogrammetry, image analysis, relational data base management, and geographic informationsystems (GIS). （通過計(jì)算機(jī)程序，數(shù)據(jù)管理和處理 應(yīng)用于工程設(shè)計(jì)，數(shù)字?jǐn)z影測(cè)量【digital photogrammetry】，圖像分析，相關(guān)資料庫(kù)的管理和 GIS。 the presentations are displayed on puter screens(where interactive editing can occur)and are output on paper from digital plotting devices.（數(shù)據(jù)成圖【數(shù)字成圖】是通過制圖和其他直觀的計(jì)算機(jī)程序【illustrative 直觀的、說明性的】進(jìn)行的；其表達(dá)顯示在計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕上（交互式編輯處理），也可以通過數(shù)字繪圖儀輸出到紙上。）Other Definitions of Geomatics（測(cè)繪學(xué)的其他定義）As defined by the Canadian Institute of Geomatics in their quarterly journal “Geomatica”:Geomatics is a field of activities which, using a systemic approach, integrates all the means usedto acquire and manage spatial data required as part of scientific, administrative, legal and technicaloperations【業(yè)務(wù)】 involved in the process of the production and management of spatial information.（加拿大測(cè)量學(xué)會(huì)【Canadian Institute of Geomatics】在他們的季刊“地球空間信息學(xué)”中這樣定義：測(cè)繪學(xué)是利用系統(tǒng)的方法，為生產(chǎn)和處理【management】科學(xué)的，行政的，法律的【legal】和技術(shù)的業(yè)務(wù)【operations】所需的空間信息，將所有獲取和管理空間信息的方法【means】整合在一起的活動(dòng)領(lǐng)域?，F(xiàn)行的一個(gè)定義是“涉及工藝、科學(xué)和技術(shù)的地理信息的處理”。它包括地籍測(cè)量、水道測(cè)量和海圖測(cè)量，在土地管理和土地使用中扮演重要的角色。這些數(shù)據(jù)來自各種數(shù)據(jù)源，包括地球軌道衛(wèi)星，空載和艦載傳感器及地面儀器。它的應(yīng)用覆蓋所有依賴空間數(shù)據(jù)的學(xué)科，包括環(huán)境研究，規(guī)劃，工程學(xué)，導(dǎo)航，地質(zhì)和地球物理學(xué)，海洋學(xué)，土地開發(fā)，土地經(jīng)營(yíng)和旅游學(xué)。）[from the School of Geomatic Engineering, Univ. of New South Wales]（摘自新南威爾士大學(xué)測(cè)繪【或地球空間信息學(xué)】工程學(xué)院）Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation, analysis, management, retrieval anddisplay of spatial data concerning both the Earths physical features and the built environment. Theprincipal disciplines embraced by Geomatics include the mapping sciences, land management, geographicinformation systems, environmental visualization, geodesy, photogrammetry, remote sensing andsurveying.（測(cè)繪學(xué)是測(cè)量、表示，分析，處理，重獲和顯示關(guān)于地球物理特征和環(huán)境的空間數(shù)據(jù)的科學(xué)。）[from the Dept. of Geomatics at Univ. of Melbourne]（摘自墨爾本大學(xué)測(cè)繪學(xué)系【或者地球空間信息學(xué)系】Geomatics prises the science, engineering, and art involved in collecting and managinggeographicallyreferenced information. Geographical information plays an important role in activitiessuch as environmental monitoring, management of land and marine resources, and real estate transactions.（測(cè)繪學(xué)包括自然科學(xué)，工程學(xué)和工藝或【技術(shù)】學(xué)；對(duì)地理信息的收集與管理。[from the Dept. of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering at UNB]（摘自加拿大紐布朗斯 維克大學(xué) 測(cè)量與大地測(cè)量學(xué)系）The science of Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation, analysis, management,retrieval and display of spatial information describing both the Earth’s physical features and thebuilt environment. Geomatics includes disciplines such as :Surveying, Geodesy, Remote Sensing amp。測(cè)繪學(xué)包括的學(xué)科有：測(cè)量學(xué)，大地測(cè)量學(xué)，遙感和攝影測(cè)量學(xué)，制圖學(xué)，GIS，GPS ）[from the Dept. of Sruveying and Spatial Information Science at the Univ. ofTasmania]（摘自塔斯馬尼亞大學(xué)，測(cè)量與空間信息科學(xué)系）Unit 33Distance Measurement（距離測(cè)量）One of the fundamentals of surveying is the need to measure distance. （ 測(cè) 量 工 作 的 一 項(xiàng) 基 礎(chǔ)【fundamental 基本原則，同時(shí)有基礎(chǔ)的意思】是距離測(cè)量）Distances are not necessarily linear, especially if they occur on the spherical earth. （距離不一定指的是直線的，尤其是在地球曲面上的距離）In this subject we will deal with distances in Euclidean space, which we can consider a straight line fromone point or feature to another. （這里【In this subject 翻譯成這里】，我們所涉及的是歐幾里德空間，我們可以認(rèn)為一條從一點(diǎn)到另一點(diǎn)或一個(gè)特征到另一個(gè)特征的線是直線。）Horizontal and slope distances can be measured with lots of techniques of measurement depending on thedesired quality of the result. （根據(jù)測(cè)量結(jié)果的精度【quality 質(zhì)量】要求不同，平距或斜距有多種測(cè)量方法）If the points are at different elevations, then the distance is the horizontal length between plumb lines atthe points. （如果這些點(diǎn)在不同高程上，那么平距指的是過點(diǎn)的垂線【plumb lines】之間的水平長(zhǎng)度。）Pacing can be performed at an accuracy level of 1/100~1/500 when performed on horizontal land, whilethe accuracy of pacing can’t be relied upon when pacing up or down steep hills.（當(dāng)在水平場(chǎng)地進(jìn)行時(shí)，步測(cè)可以達(dá)到 1/100 到 1/500 的相對(duì)精度，而當(dāng)?shù)孛嫫鸱^大時(shí)，這樣的精度就不能保證了。）With the circumference of the wheel known, the relation between revolutions and distance is fixed. （由于知道了輪子的周長(zhǎng)【circumference of the wheel 輪周】，轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)【revolution 這里有轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)的意思】和距離之間的關(guān)系就確定下來【fix 確定】。）Ordinary taping refers to the very mon tapes that we can buy them in stores, such as the plastic tapesor poly tapes. （普通尺距測(cè)量使用【refers to 引用】的是我們可以在商店里買到的非常普遍的的尺子，例如塑膠尺或滌綸尺。）Since different tapes have different starts of zero of the tapes, it is very important to judge where the zeroof the tape begins.（由于不同的尺有不同的 0 刻度，判斷尺的 0 刻度在哪兒十分重要。）Tacheometry involves the measurement of a related distance parameter【參數(shù)】 either by means of afixedangle intercept.（視距測(cè)量包括一個(gè)相關(guān)距離參數(shù)的測(cè)量和依靠定角截距的測(cè)量【by means of依靠】【either 表示并列】）Theodolite tacheometry is an example of stadia system. （經(jīng)緯儀視距測(cè)量就是視距儀器的一個(gè)例子）The theodolite is directed at the level staff where the staff is held vertically and the line of sight of thetelescope is horizontal.（將經(jīng)緯儀【is directed at 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，翻譯為將；direct at 對(duì)準(zhǔn)……】對(duì)準(zhǔn)水準(zhǔn)尺【level staff】，水準(zhǔn)尺豎直，望遠(yuǎn)鏡的視線【可以翻譯為視準(zhǔn)軸】水平。也就是【？】，D=Ks + C）Usually the nominal stadia interval factor K equals 100 which is a constant for a particular instrument aslong as conditions remain unchanged, but it may be determined by observation in practice.（通常，名義上的視距常數(shù)K等于100，只要【as long as】條件保持不變，它就是個(gè)特別裝置的【particular instrument指代視距裝置】常數(shù)【constant 常數(shù)】但在實(shí)踐中可以通過觀測(cè)確定）The value of C is determined by the manufacturer and stated on the inside of the instrument box.（C 值由廠商決定并固定在儀器之內(nèi)）For externalfocusing telescopes, under ordinary condition, C may be considered as 1 ft without error ofconsequence.（對(duì)于外調(diào)焦望遠(yuǎn)鏡，通常情況下，C 被認(rèn)為是 1 英尺而不會(huì)給結(jié)果帶來錯(cuò)誤。 this is an advantage ofinternalfocus telescopes for stadia work.（內(nèi)調(diào)焦望遠(yuǎn)鏡因此被發(fā)明【construct 建立、創(chuàng)立】，C 為或近似為 0；這是內(nèi)調(diào)焦望遠(yuǎn)鏡在視距測(cè)量中的一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)。）The advent of EDM instrument has pletely revolutionized