【正文】 oad criteria are based on a reference period of 50 years, while Canadian criteria use a 30year interval例如，美國(guó)活載標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是根據(jù)50年的基準(zhǔn)期，而加拿大的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)使用30年的間隔。(5)The response of a building, however, will be different for different materials, depending on the type of load. 但是，建筑物的反應(yīng)，將針對(duì)不同的材料不同，這取決于負(fù)載類型。(7)The dead load includes not only the selfweight of the structure, but also the weight of permanent construction materials, partitions, floor and ceiling materials, machinery and other equipment, and so on. 靜載重不僅包括自身的結(jié)構(gòu)重量，而且還有永久性建筑的材料，隔板，地板，吊頂材料，機(jī)械和其他設(shè)備的重量，等等(8)Live load, are more accurately the gravity live load, is the name that is monly used for the loads on the structure that are not part of the permanent installations(永久設(shè)施)活載，更準(zhǔn)確的重力活荷載，即通常是結(jié)構(gòu)上的負(fù)荷，不屬于永久性設(shè)施的一部分荷載的使用名稱。(10)The live load on the structure at any time is normally well below the code value。Translate the following sentence into English.(1) 對(duì)某些荷載來(lái)說(shuō)，結(jié)構(gòu)的地理位置起重要作用。At the same time wind loads are neither static nor uniformly varying, and are heavily influenced by the geometry of the structure as well as the surrounding structures and the landscape(景觀).(3) 風(fēng)荷載和雪荷載可根據(jù)模型試驗(yàn)來(lái)確定。Special loads and load effects include the influence of temperature variations(溫度變化), structural foundation settlements, impact(撞擊), and blast(爆炸).(5)至少在理論上，結(jié)構(gòu)上的恒載被認(rèn)為是保持不變的。(2)The values of E vary in the range 200000210000Mpa, and the approximate value of 200000Mpa is often assumed. E的值在200000210000Mpa之間波動(dòng)，一般假定逼近值為200000Mpa。(4)The rate of straining affects the yield stress, and high rates of strain increase the upper or first yield stress, as well as the lower yield stress Fy.應(yīng)變速率會(huì)影響屈服應(yīng)力，高的應(yīng)變速率會(huì)增加高的屈服應(yīng)力或產(chǎn)生第一個(gè)屈服應(yīng)力值，同樣可以增大低的屈服應(yīng)力Fy。(6)Consequently, it is likely that an isolated test result will be significantly higher than the quoted yield stress.因此，獨(dú)立的測(cè)試結(jié)果很可能顯著地高于引用的屈服應(yīng)力。（8）Joints should generally be arranged so as to minimize stress concentrations and to produce as smooth a ‘stress flow’ through the joint as is practicable.節(jié)點(diǎn)應(yīng)當(dāng)布置得使應(yīng)力集中減少到最小，以使通過(guò)節(jié)點(diǎn)的‘應(yīng)力流’盡可能平滑。(10)High local stresses facilitate crack initiation, and so stress concentrations due to poor geometry and loading arrangements (including impact loading) are dangerous.高度局部應(yīng)力促使裂縫的產(chǎn)生，因此由于差的幾何形狀和荷載布置(包括沖擊載荷)而產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)力集中是危險(xiǎn)的。The yield stress Fy determined for uniaxial tension is usually accepted as being valid for uniaxial pression.（2）顯著影響疲勞強(qiáng)度的因素有荷載循環(huán)次數(shù)、荷載循環(huán)中的應(yīng)力幅以及局部應(yīng)力集中的大小。Designing against fatigue involves a consideration of joint arrangement as well as of permissible stress.（4）結(jié)構(gòu)鋼不總是表現(xiàn)出延性特性，在有些情況下，即使名義拉應(yīng)力很低，突然的、災(zāi)難性的斷裂也會(huì)發(fā)生。The ductility of a structural steel depends on its position, heat treatment, and thickness, and varies with temperature and strain rate.LESSON141 2 Althoughtheseearliersoundprinciplesandthestiffenedinclinedsufferedmisfortunesregrettablyinofsystem3 Ononetheofhighlysystemsnotclearlyandandthethemembersmadetimber,barschains4Thecharacteristicssuchthreedimensionalarefulloftransverseinworkthelongitudinal5Theofbridgesrapidlywithinonetheybeesuccessfultheytakenrightfulamongbridgeoldofsuperstructuresslab,floorandgirdersconsideredactingSuchweresuitablecablestayed這種上部結(jié)構(gòu)不適于斜拉橋。Thestructuralofsystemtheactionthegirdersprestressedposttensionedcableswhichfromtowerdownthepointsthegirders這種體系的主要的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是加勁梁和先張或后張拉的斜纜之間的整體作用，斜纜索自索塔頂部延伸至加勁梁的錨固點(diǎn)。8cablestayedbridgespresentathreedimensionalsystemconsistingstiffeningandpartsasinandcablestension9 Ininsystems,elementstheandpartstheparticipatetheofmainsystem.resultsreductiontheofgirderseconomythe事實(shí)上，在正交各向異性體系中，所有的橋面板單元以及上部結(jié)構(gòu)的輔助部分共同參與主橋體系的工作，這就導(dǎo)致主梁的高度以及鋼材用量的減小。madethiscouldbetensionedinslackalloweddeformationsthebefore(stays)participatetakingtensilefortheyintended.漢譯英1 Theandofputersupandunlimitedforexactofhighlyindeterminateandpreciseanalysistheirdimensional電子計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用使斜拉橋這樣的高次超靜定體系的精確分析成為可能，并且可以對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)的三維性能進(jìn)行精確的靜力學(xué)分析。2隨著高強(qiáng)鋼材、正交各向異性板橋面的出現(xiàn)，焊接技術(shù)以及結(jié)構(gòu)分析技術(shù)的發(fā)展，近年來(lái)斜拉橋才得到了廣泛和成功的應(yīng)用。Widesuccessfulofsystemsrealizedrecently,theofsteels,typedevelopmentweldingandinanalysiscablestayedprovidedatadesign,erectionmaintenancethesystem.//已有的斜拉橋?yàn)檫@一新體系的設(shè)計(jì)