【正文】 。placedonhardenedconcrete,agoodbondmustbedeveloped.當新混凝土澆筑在老混凝土上時，必須建立良好的結(jié)合面。2Beforeconcreteisplaced,theformworkmustbefreeoficeanddebrisandproperlycoatedwithbondbreakeroil.澆筑前，必須為業(yè)主檢查混凝土。在混凝土澆筑前，支架模板必須不含冰、碎屑，并且外面涂上合適地防粘結(jié)油。3Constructionpersonnelshouldbeavailable,usuallycarpenters,barplacersandothertrades,ifpipingorelectricalconduitistobeembedded,toactasformwatchersandtoresetanyrebars,conduit,orpipingdisplaced.當鋪設(shè)水管或者電線管道時，施工人員必須到位，通常有木工、鋼筋工以及其他工種，對模板進行檢查，對移動了的鋼筋、電線或管子重新放置。4Inaddition,theinspectorshouldensurethatanyemergencyconstructionjointsmadenecessarybystoppageofconcretesupply,rain,orotherdelaysareproperlylocatedandmadeinaccordancewithproceduresspecifiedorapprovedbytheengineer此外，檢驗員還得確保由于混凝土供應停止、下雨以及其他延誤導致的緊急施工縫合理定位，并且程序要符合規(guī)范規(guī)定或者工程人員認可。5 Inverticalformwork,waterrisecausesweakplanesbetweeneachlayerdeposited.Inadditiontothedeleterious\\\structuraleffect,suchplanes,whenhardened,containvoidsthroughwhichwatermaypass在垂直模板體系中，水的增加可導致層間的薄弱面。除了有害的結(jié)構(gòu)影響之外，這種薄弱面硬化之后，可形成水流通的空隙。6 7 Inhorizontalelements,suchasfloorslabs,excesswaterrisesandcausesaweaklaitancelayeratthetop.在諸如樓板之類的水平構(gòu)件中，過剩水分增加會導致頂部的薄弱漿沫層。8 9 Thetemperatureoffreshconcretemustbecontrolledfromthetimeofmixingthroughfinalplacement,andprotectedafterplacement.從攪拌站到最終的澆筑，必須控制新鮮混凝土的溫度，澆注之后必須保護其溫度。漢譯英1鋼筋必須設(shè)備到位，適當支撐以承受澆筑混凝土過程中受到的任何運輸作用。Therebarsmustbeinplace,properlysupportedtobearanytraffictheywillreceiveduringconcreteplacing2檢驗員還必須確?；炷吝\送、澆筑和抹光程序按事先要求進行，避免混凝土離析。Theinspectorshouldalsoascertainthathandling,placing,andfinishingproceduresthathavebeenagreedoninadvanceareproperlyfollowed,toavoidsegregatedconcrete3更深的貫入效果會更好（復搗），但在不同的場地條件下其效果是難以確定的，因此，不作為一般工程實踐的建 議 Deeperpenetrationcanbebeneficial(revibration),butcontrolundervariablejobsiteconditionsistoouncertainforremendationofthispracticeforgeneraluse.4 只有在混凝土澆筑、抹光、養(yǎng)護完成，并完全達到強度時檢驗才結(jié)束Inspectionispleteonlywhenconcreteiscast,finished,protectedforcuring,andattainsfullstrength.5在所有柱子以及鋼筋混凝土窄墻澆筑時，要先用2~4英寸的水泥漿。否則，游離的石頭就會聚集在底部，從而形成蜂窩。Inallcolumnsandreinforcednarrowwalls,concreteplacingshouldbeginwith2to4inofgrout.Otherwise,loosestonewillcollectatthebottom,resultingintheformationofhoneybLESSON2512 Higher vertical loads will require larger columns, walls, and shafts. 其一，更大的豎向荷載需要更大的柱、墻和電梯井，But, more significantly, the overturning moment and the shear deflections produced by lateral forces are much larger and must be carefully provided for. 其二，更嚴重的是，由側(cè)向力產(chǎn)生的傾覆力矩和剪切位移更大，必須認真加以考慮。3 The vertical subsystems in a highrise building transmit accumulated gravity load from story to story, thus requiring larger column or wall sections to support such loading. 高層建筑的豎向子系統(tǒng)逐層傳遞累積的重力，從而需要更大的柱或墻體以支承此荷載 4 For example, under wind load, the overturning moment at the base of a building varies approximately as the square of the height of the building, and the lateral deflection at the top of a building may vary as the fourth power of building height, other things being equal. Earthquake produces an even more pronounced effect. 例如，當其它條件不變時，在風荷載作用下，建筑物底部的傾覆力矩大約按建筑物高度的平方增長，其頂部的側(cè)向位移隨其高度的4次冪。地震甚至會產(chǎn)生更大的效應。5 When the structure for a midrise building is designed for dead and live load, it is almost an inherent property that the columns, walls, and stair or elevator shafts can carry most of the horizontal forces. 當設(shè)計中層建筑結(jié)構(gòu)以抵抗恒載和活荷載時，其柱、墻和樓梯或電梯就能承受大部分水平荷載幾乎是其固有的特性。6 Special structural arrangements will often have to be made and additional structural material is always required for the columns, gird