【正文】 n considered universal（通用的）because it uses organizational resources to acplish goals and attain（達(dá)到）high performance in all types of profit and notforprofit organizations. T　2．Leadership involves the use of influence to motivate（刺激）employees to achieve the organisation’s goals. T　　4. Efficiency refers to the degree to which the organisation achieves a stated（規(guī)定的）objective（目標(biāo)）. F　6. Firstline managers are the managers who have the responsibility for making the significant（重大的）strategic（戰(zhàn)略上的）policy decisions, often with staff managers assisting（幫助）them in these decisions. F　Multiple Choice　1. The figurehead role involves: 　　A. motivating and municating with staff B. initiating（發(fā)起）change C. handling ceremonial（正式的）and symbolic activities 　D. developing information sources within the organisation 　E.2. How an organisation goes about acplishing a plan is a key part of the management function of: 　A. planning B. organising 　C. leading D. controlling 　E.3. Which of the following is not a function of management? 　A. control B. plan C. organise D. lead 　E.5. Which of the following types of skills is the understanding of and proficiency in the performance of specific tasks? A. human skill B. leadership skill 　C. technical skill D. conceptual（概念上的）skill E. social skill C6. The informational role, according to Mintzberg, is a(n) ____________ role? 　　A. entrepreneur（企業(yè)家） B. leader C. figurehead（有名無實(shí)的領(lǐng)袖） 　E. monitor EFILL IN THE BLANKS　1. Social forces are the aspects of a culture that guide and influence relationships among people.　2. Economic forces pertain（屬于）to the availability, production, and distribution（分配） of resources in a society.　3. The learning organization can be defined as one in which everyone is engaged in identifying and solving problems, enabling the organisation to continuously experiment, change, and improve, thus increasing its capacity to grow, learn and achieve its purpose.　4. Empowerment（授權(quán)）means giving employees the power, freedom, knowledge and skills to make decisions and perform effectively.5. List three of the basic ideas of scientific management.（官僚的）7. List the three assumptions（設(shè)想）associated with McGregor’s Theory X.People are lazy。 People lack ambitionCHAPTER 1 Innovation for turbulent time（2）TRUE/FALSE　1. The learning organization is an attitude or philosophy（哲學(xué)）about what an organization can bee. T　3. As a manager, Lou prefers to think in terms of ‘control over’ rather than ‘control with’ others. This is in agreement with the idea of a learning organisation. F　　5. Theory X and Theory Y, proposed by Douglas McGregor, provide two opposing（相反的） views of workers: Theory X recognises that workers enjoy achievement and responsibility, while Theory Y recognises（承認(rèn)）that workers will avoid work whenever possible. F　MULTIPLE CHOICE　1. __________ forces refer to those aspects of a culture that guide and influence relationships among people. 　A. Legal B. Economic 　C. Political 　D. Psychological 　　E. Social E　　　3. Strategy has traditionally been the sole（唯一的）responsibility of: A. middle management 　　B. project managers （項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理）C. pany accountants D. top managers D　5. The three subfields（子域）of the classical perspective include: 　　A. bureaucratic organisation, quantitative management, and the human relations movement　B. quantitative management, behavioural science, and administrative management C. administrative management, bureaucratic organisation, and scientific management 　　D. scientific management, quantitative management, and administrative management 　　E. none of the above C　　 skills summarize in three categories:conceptual skills , human skills and technical level contains :top managers ,middle managers ,firstline managers and managers need conceptual skills,nonmanagers need technical skills,human skills is important to all management level（管理技能有三種：概念技能、人際技能、技術(shù)技能。高層管理者需要概念技能。人際技能對于管理水平來說很重要。效益是指做正確的事情，效率則是做事情運(yùn)用正確的方法。追求效益必須考慮效率，考慮效益實(shí)現(xiàn)的速度問題。2. The __________ environment represents（表現(xiàn)）the outer layer of the environment and affects organisations __________. A. task。 directly 　　C. internal。 indirectly （間接地）　　E. general?！?. Which of these is NOT a part of an organisation’s general environment? A. technological 　　B. economic 　C. petitors 　　D. legalpolitical E. sociocultural C　　6. Which of the following consists of demographic factors, such as population density? 　　A. technological environment B. sociocultural environment 　C. legalpolitical environment 　D. internal environment E. economic environment B　　8. Which statement （敘述）below is correct? A. When environment is dynamic（活躍的）, uncertainty is low. 　　B. When the environment is unstable（動態(tài)的）, uncertainty is low. C. A dynamic environment has more uncertainty than a stable environment. 　D. The stability（穩(wěn)定性）of the environment does not determine the structure of the firm.　E. None of the above. C　　9. Research has found that a(n) __________ structure works best when organisations experience uncertainty. 　　A. flexible （靈活的）　　B. mechanistic （機(jī)械的）C. intuitive （直覺的）　D. inorganic E. rigid （死板的） AFILL IN THE BLANKS　　1. The external organizational environment includes all elements（元素）existing outside the boundary（分界線）of the organisation that have the potential（可能性）to affect the organisation.　　2. The general environment is the outer layer that is widely dispersed and affects organisations indirectly.3. The internal environment includes the sectors that conduct daytoday transactions （交易）within the organisation.4. The labor market represents people in the environment who can be hired to work for the organisation.SHORT ANSWER　1. Briefly describe the task environment and its four primary sectors.other organi