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的確認(rèn)與再評(píng)估開(kāi)始的時(shí)候,每個(gè)人都精神十足、信心百倍,到了中途,有時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生熱情消退,甚至無(wú)人問(wèn)津的結(jié)果。如前所述,制定計(jì)劃的時(shí)候就必須確立管理要素。針對(duì)制程與結(jié)果,品管人員應(yīng)更注重制程的管制。品管的評(píng)估工作,不應(yīng)是抽象的“對(duì)不起,我下次會(huì)小心“之類的語(yǔ)言,而是要采取合理的對(duì)策去消除不良原因。我們必須采取長(zhǎng)久的對(duì)策來(lái)避免類似問(wèn)題的發(fā)生。(1) 首先,我們必須消除包括在庫(kù)內(nèi)的不合格品。(如修理模具)(3) 為了不再發(fā)生同樣的問(wèn)題,需建立規(guī)則來(lái)觀察不良要因的變化情形。打個(gè)比方:有位總統(tǒng)發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)客廳的鐘不走了,非常生氣;“要是客人來(lái)了,給看甚么?錯(cuò)誤的鐘點(diǎn)嗎?”他的秘書發(fā)現(xiàn)是電池用完了,才趕快給換掉。再說(shuō),有時(shí)候發(fā)生的事情,可能就我們的感覺(jué)行事,然而它并非事實(shí)而只是個(gè)人的一己之見(jiàn)而已。首先,我們必須用雙眼去了解和觀察工作現(xiàn)場(chǎng)及實(shí)際之不合格品??茖W(xué)方法的基礎(chǔ)是用數(shù)據(jù)和數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)掌握事實(shí)。32 如何搜集數(shù)據(jù)為了分析質(zhì)量,收集能呈現(xiàn)事實(shí)的數(shù)據(jù)是很必要的。收集數(shù)據(jù)的話,我們須備有“查檢表”,可分為下列兩種類型:(1) 記錄用查檢表 用以記錄實(shí)際數(shù)據(jù)和不合格品數(shù),或根據(jù)項(xiàng)目來(lái)分類。這些相關(guān)因素之窗體完成以后,要定期檢查,同時(shí)在窗體上注明“ OK ”還是“ NG ”或是相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)。要用相當(dāng)有限的時(shí)間、人力和物力同時(shí)解決這些問(wèn)題,幾乎是不可能的。柏拉圖對(duì)此點(diǎn)是相當(dāng)有幫助的。所以,假使只要針對(duì)2 或 3 個(gè)主要問(wèn)題點(diǎn)來(lái)解決,建立優(yōu)先級(jí)原則,忽略其它次要項(xiàng)目是有必要的。例如,我們的汽車煞車失靈就會(huì)有很多原因。我們把這些原因畫成魚骨圖(特性要因圖)。如果分枝沒(méi)有原因與結(jié)果的相互聯(lián)系,這個(gè)分析圖就失去了意義,因而魚骨頭甚至對(duì)貓都沒(méi)有吸引力了。35 品質(zhì)總是有分布性的我們一直都在生產(chǎn)大批的產(chǎn)品、組件和材料。極好的產(chǎn)品其質(zhì)量分散程度要少些,不然,我們的用戶就會(huì)感到不方便了。測(cè)試 100 個(gè)燈泡,一些最大壽命超過(guò) 2500 小時(shí),而一些最低壽命不足 1500 小時(shí)。品管人員應(yīng)更重視分散性能而不是中間值。讓我們從直方圖來(lái)研究這種分散特性吧。能找出原因的一個(gè)最現(xiàn)實(shí)的方法是層別法,當(dāng)某一機(jī)器的軸的直徑超出了范圍,且數(shù)據(jù)是兩臺(tái)機(jī)器產(chǎn)生,我們就必須分層地找出與各機(jī)器相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)。如果 A 機(jī)的矯正方法不正確,我們就容易把它矯正過(guò)來(lái)。重點(diǎn):(1) 分層是基于原因 特性要因圖。(3) 分層后,檢查其分散之不同點(diǎn)。(2) 管制圖分散包含各種原因,一個(gè)是必然原因(如普通機(jī)器引起之分散),另一種是特殊原因(如:由材料的不同質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生之分散)。我們來(lái)研究管制圖,因?yàn)槿绻覀兞?xí)慣了使用管制圖,這對(duì)我們的工作將大有益處。例如:即使是較小的操作如檢驗(yàn)零件也會(huì)導(dǎo)致不合格品的產(chǎn)生,因?yàn)槭种傅挠椭瑫?huì)致使生銹,擠壓也會(huì)導(dǎo)致變形,產(chǎn)生不合格品前,我們應(yīng)先通過(guò)實(shí)際樣品或?qū)嶒?yàn)來(lái)分析并找出工作中可能出現(xiàn)的不良之原因。研究以往不合格品之原因,傾聽(tīng)技術(shù)工程師就質(zhì)量重要論題之演講,對(duì)我們同樣有益。一個(gè)人的口頭說(shuō)明和記憶并不總是可信的,因此我們必須規(guī)范它們成為“作業(yè)規(guī)范”。我們應(yīng)實(shí)際地找出工作之必須方面,然后把它們作成如“作業(yè)規(guī)范”。如有更好的方法或情況的改變應(yīng)修正作業(yè)規(guī)范,用必要的圖例來(lái)制作易懂的作業(yè)規(guī)范,同時(shí)應(yīng)該放在容易取得參考的地方。要達(dá)到第三個(gè)步驟或是成為一個(gè)專業(yè)作業(yè)員,嚴(yán)格的訓(xùn)練確實(shí)有其必要性。現(xiàn)在我們來(lái)思考品管 ~ “你知道品管是甚么嗎?”“你了解執(zhí)行品管作業(yè)時(shí),哪些部份是較難推動(dòng)的?”“你能否成功地執(zhí)行品管嗎?”44 在制程中建立質(zhì)量有人說(shuō)“我們的產(chǎn)品是經(jīng)過(guò)嚴(yán)格檢驗(yàn)的,絕對(duì)可靠”,這種說(shuō)法對(duì)嗎?先產(chǎn)出一大堆不合格品,然后經(jīng)過(guò)嚴(yán)格的檢驗(yàn)挑選,這是一個(gè)很大的損失。再說(shuō),有些產(chǎn)品特性根本不容許全數(shù)檢驗(yàn)(如:燈泡的壽命)。當(dāng)然如果情況允許的話,我們應(yīng)該透過(guò)全數(shù)檢驗(yàn)來(lái)確保所有生產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量,但我們應(yīng)意識(shí)到檢驗(yàn)只是在作挑選,而不能建立質(zhì)量。檢驗(yàn)不是測(cè)試,但它應(yīng)有三個(gè)要素:1. 建立明確的判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。我們有時(shí)出錯(cuò)就是因?yàn)闆](méi)有明確的判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。而檢驗(yàn)有兩種形式:全數(shù)檢驗(yàn)和抽樣檢驗(yàn);前者通常用于制程檢驗(yàn),后者主要用于進(jìn)料/出貨檢驗(yàn)。46 模治具、設(shè)備與檢驗(yàn)儀器的管理我們的工作職場(chǎng)使用各種各樣的工具、機(jī)器和測(cè)試儀器。但是如果這些機(jī)器操作條件不對(duì),同樣會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的不合格品,簡(jiǎn)單的模治具用久了、磨耗了,也很可能產(chǎn)生大量的不合格品。我們必須確立點(diǎn)檢制度,決定每樣工具和機(jī)器之重要查檢點(diǎn),準(zhǔn)備點(diǎn)檢表,以便定期查檢。47 “防呆”(Fool Proof)觀念的提升我們總是盡力做好,但我們不是全能的而且也不可能事事完美,總是有時(shí)會(huì)出錯(cuò)。所以必須考慮設(shè)計(jì)若干裝置以便在我們發(fā)生錯(cuò)誤時(shí),立即警示或暫停機(jī)械操作。例如:產(chǎn)品的包裝中小的附屬零件,如說(shuō)明書或保證書都可能被遺忘。48 對(duì)異?,F(xiàn)象應(yīng)快速反映在我們?nèi)粘9ぷ髦?,?jīng)常容易注意到異?,F(xiàn)象,但如果它們不直接影響生產(chǎn),經(jīng)常會(huì)被忽略。例如:要把螺絲鎖入塑料零件,作業(yè)員感到有些困難時(shí),于是他就自行調(diào)整氣動(dòng)扭力起子的空壓,以便繼續(xù)他的工作。然而,幾個(gè)月以后,由于螺絲殘留應(yīng)力(), 導(dǎo)致塑料破裂,這些產(chǎn)品也就變成了不合格品了?!?如果發(fā)現(xiàn)異?,F(xiàn)象,追溯并找出真正原因。△ 對(duì)改善對(duì)策采取行動(dòng)的速度,反映出貴單位品管的水平。但我們可以想象,她之所感到滿意,是因?yàn)樗孔约旱哪芰ν度攵〉玫某删?,也因?yàn)楣救w員工對(duì)品管效果是有了認(rèn)識(shí)。通過(guò)這種質(zhì)量活動(dòng),每個(gè)人都會(huì)感到有參與的價(jià)值。我們必須學(xué)習(xí)有關(guān)改善工作職場(chǎng),統(tǒng)計(jì)技術(shù)的認(rèn)識(shí)。53 組織編成與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的選任品管領(lǐng)域的活動(dòng)最主要的觀念在于工作職場(chǎng)全體人員的自愿參與。如果部門的全體人員都愿意參與,這意識(shí)著領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是相當(dāng)出色的,活動(dòng)也就變得積極了。54 設(shè)定目標(biāo)與活動(dòng)展開(kāi)從學(xué)習(xí)品管開(kāi)始,品管活動(dòng)是很平常的事情,如果達(dá)到了一定水平就需確立活動(dòng)目標(biāo)。根據(jù)組織的情況建議一團(tuán)或幾團(tuán)開(kāi)一次會(huì),最好離下次會(huì)議的時(shí)間不要太長(zhǎng),以免影響活動(dòng)的順利開(kāi)展。活動(dòng)應(yīng)該安排能使每個(gè)人都能發(fā)揮作用,這樣全體的意思才會(huì)被采納。55 歸納與發(fā)表當(dāng)改善行動(dòng)進(jìn)行到最后,要比照最初的情況來(lái)確認(rèn)效果。如果得到了滿意的效果,就總結(jié)行動(dòng)的過(guò)程。把結(jié)果呈報(bào)給主管,舉行品保會(huì)議時(shí)準(zhǔn)備并參考。希望此書能輔佐你工作職場(chǎng)生動(dòng)的品管活動(dòng)。s proceed Quality Control11Basic principle of Matsushita Electric, and our responsibility.Our pany policy, and also our responsibility are to provide an abundance of excellent electrical appliances to enrich people39。t know which point of our job is defective.Anyway, we have to observe our own job with modesty, and find the weak points.To solve these problems, . philosophy is fully available. Let39。39。s make the target clear.Secondly, it is very important to set up the target clearly. To make the ideal situation that we want to or have to realize clear is very helpful to concentrate the mental power of everybody.The target is set up relating to the pany policy or target, or sometimes set up independently in order to improve our own workshop.Independent target is like a target of sports, paring our situation to the record of the petitor, and in order to approach or clear the record of others, we set up the higher target Properly.So let39。s set up the achievable plan.We set up the plan to achieve our target, but often the plan is left as a plan.Most part of good result is produced by the good planning and preparation.It is said that a housewife who cooks well prepares well before cooking.Before setting up the plan, let39。s check the plan from the following pointsWhen Whole schedule and target ofWho Who takes what part?What What are we going to do?Where Where is most advantageous toWhy Why is it necessary to do?How How can we realize?25To carry out the planVital will and Good method is necessary. To carry out the plan, everybody have to maintain vital will, and choose the Good method39。s better not to hesitate to change the plan in order to achieve the objective without foil.26 Checking the result and revaluationAt the beginning of the process, everybody starts with full enthusiasm, but in the course of time, it sometimes happens that the enthusiasm fade away, and nobody care about the results.One of the most important steps of control circle is Checking. We always have to watch and check the process and results.As described before, we have to decide the control points when setting up the plan.Then, check the results according to the control points, and analyze the process to know why we got such results.. people lay more stress on process than results.For example, when we won a football game, we have to analyze the process, whether it was lead by good performance of players other team or by lucky occasion like a mistake of the other team.Revaluation of . should not be an abstract one like Pardon me, I will be more careful., but should lead to reasonable countermeasures to eliminate bad causes.27 Four steps of countermeasures in order not to repeat same problem.Most of the problems are experienced before by somebody in our section.We have to take permanent countermeasures in order not to repeat same problem. For this, the following 4 steps of countermeasures are all necessary.(1) First, we have to eliminate defective products included in the stock.(2) Analyze and eliminate the cause of the defects. (For example, repair the mold.)(3) In order not to repeat the same problem, set up the rule to watch variation of the cause. (For example, check the mold once a week.)(4)