【正文】 able to avert the consequences that must ensue. 故兵聞拙速，未睹巧之久也。 There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged warfare. 故不盡知用兵之害者，則不能盡知用兵之利也。 Bring war material with you from home， but forage on the enemy. Thus the army will have food enough for its needs. 國之貧于師者遠(yuǎn)輸，遠(yuǎn)輸則百姓貧； Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be maintained by contributions from a distance. Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes the people to be impoverished. 近師者貴賣，貴賣則百姓財(cái)竭， On the other hand， the proximity of an army causes prices to go up； and high prices cause the people39。 When their substance is drained away， the peasantry will be afflicted by heavy exactions. 力屈中原、內(nèi)虛于家，百姓之費(fèi)，十去其七；公家之費(fèi)，破軍罷馬，甲胄矢弓，戟盾矛櫓，丘牛大車，十去其六。 Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on the enemy. One cartload of the enemy39。s own， and likewise a single picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty from one39。 故殺敵者，怒也；取敵之利者，貨也。車雜而乘之，卒善而養(yǎng)之，是謂勝敵而益強(qiáng)。s own strength. 故兵貴勝 ， 不貴久。國家安危之主也。s fate， the man on whom it depends whether the nation shall be in peace or in peril. 謀攻第三 III. Attack by Stratagem 孫子曰：夫用兵之法，全國為上，破國次之；全軍為上，破軍次之；全旅為上，破旅次之；全卒 為上，破卒次之；全伍為上，破伍次之。s country whole and intact； to shatter and destroy it is not so good. So， too， it is better to recapture an army entire than to destroy it， to capture a regiment， a detachment or a pany entire than to destroy them. 是故百戰(zhàn)百勝， 非善之善也；不戰(zhàn)而屈人之兵，善之善者也。s resistance without fighting. 故上兵伐謀，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。s plans； the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy39。s army in the field； and the worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities. 攻城之法，為不得已。 The rule is， not to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be avoided. The preparation of mantlets， movable shelters， and various implements of war， will take up three whole months； and the piling up of mounds over against the walls will take three months more. 將不勝其忿而蟻附之，殺士卒三分之一，而城 不拔者，此攻之災(zāi)也。s troops without any fighting； he captures their cities without laying siege to them； he overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field. 必以全爭于天下，故兵不頓而利可全，此謀攻之法也。s one， to surround him； if five to one， to attack him； if twice as numerous， to divide our army into two. 敵則能戰(zhàn)之，少則能逃之，不若則能避之。 Hence， though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force， in the end it must be captured by the larger force. 夫?qū)⒄?，國之輔也。 Now the general is the bulwark of the State； if the bulwark is plete at all points； the State will be strong； if the bulwark is defective， the State will be weak. 故君之所以患于軍者三： There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon his army： —— （ 1） 不知軍之不可以進(jìn)而謂之進(jìn)，不知軍之不可以退而謂之退，是謂縻軍； （ 1） By manding the army to advance or to retreat， being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey. This is called hobbling the army. （ 2） 不知三軍之事而同三軍之政 ， 則軍士惑矣 ； （ 2） By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a kingdom， being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an army. This causes restlessness in the soldier39。 （ 3） By employing the officers of his army without discrimination， through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances. This shakes the confidence of the soldiers. 三軍既惑且疑 ， 則諸 侯之難至矣。 But when the army is restless and distrustful， trouble is sure to e from the other feudal princes. This is simply bringing anarchy into the army， and flinging victory away. 故知?jiǎng)儆形澹褐梢詰?zhàn)與不可以戰(zhàn)者勝，識(shí)眾寡之用者勝，上下同欲者勝，以虞待不虞者勝，將能而君不御者勝。 Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory： （ 1） He will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight. （ 2） He will win who knows how to handle both superior and inferior forces. （ 3） He will win whose army is animated by the same spirit throughout all its ranks. （ 4） He will win who， prepared himself， waits to take the enemy unprepared. （ 5） He will win who has military capacity and is not interfered with by the sovereign. 故曰：知己知彼，百戰(zhàn)不貽；不知彼而知己，一勝一負(fù)；不知彼不知己，每戰(zhàn)必?cái)　? Sun Tzu said： The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond the possibility of defeat， and then waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy. 不可勝在己，可勝在敵。 Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat， but cannot make certain of defeating the enemy. 故曰：勝可知，而不可為。 Security against defeat implies defensive tactics； ability to defeat the enemy means taking the offensive. 守則不足 ， 攻則有余。 The general who is skilled in defense hides in the most secret recesses of the earth； he who is skilled in attack flashes forth from the topmost heights of heaven. Thus on the one hand we have ability to protect ourselves； on the other， a victory that is plete. 見勝不過眾人之所知，非善之善者也； To see victory only when it is within the ken of the mon herd is not the acme of excellence. 戰(zhàn)勝而天下曰善，非善之善者也。 To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength； to see the sun and moon is no sign of sharp sight； to hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a quick ear. 古之所謂善戰(zhàn)者，勝于易勝者也。不忒者，其所措勝，勝已敗者也。 Hence the skillful fighter puts himself into a position which makes defeat impossible， and does not miss the moment for defeating the enemy. 是故勝兵先勝而后求戰(zhàn)，敗兵先戰(zhàn)而后求勝。 The consummate leader cultivates the moral law， and strictly adheres to method and discipline； thus it is in his power to control success. 兵法：一曰度，二曰量，三曰數(shù)，四曰稱，五曰勝。 Measurement owes its existence to Earth； Estimation of quantity to Measurement； Calculation to Estimation of quantity； Balancing of chances to Calculation； and Victory to Balancing of chances. 故勝兵若以鎰稱銖，敗兵若以銖稱鎰。s weight placed in the scale against a single grain. 稱勝者之戰(zhàn)民也，若決積水于千仞之溪者，形也。s attack and remain unshaken—— this is effected by maneuvers direct and indirect. 兵之所加，如以 碬 投卵者，虛實(shí)是也。 In all fighting， the direct method may be used for joining battle， but indirect methods will be needed in order to secure victory. 故善出奇