【正文】 on: “The consistent psychological pattern within an individual that affects the way he or she interacts with others and situations.”人格是個體所有的反應方式和與他人交往方式的總和。他們在時間上是連續(xù)的，不能簡單理解為一時的社會和心理壓力的結(jié)果”（邁迪） Personality Determinants ? Heredity ? Environment ? Situation Theories of Personality 人格理論 ? Psychoanalytic theory精神分析論 (id) , (ego) , (super ego) ? Trait theory特質(zhì)論 ? Type theory類型論 theory of body體形論 theory of psychological types心理類型論 Personality Test 人格測試 Methods?常用 方法 ? Selfreport自陳量表法 ? Projective投射法 ? Rorschach Inkblot Test （羅夏墨跡測試） ? Muray and man TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) (主題統(tǒng)覺測試） Inventory?主要 量表 ? Sixteen personality factor questionnaires,(16PF) ? MyersBriggs Type Indicator,(MBTI ) What is Personality Traits 人格特質(zhì)論 Personality trait is enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior. ? Cattell‘s factor theory of personality（卡特爾的人格因素論） surface trait（表面特質(zhì)） source trait（根源特質(zhì)） ? The ―Big Five‖Model 16PF 16PF（ Sixteen Personality Factors) 個性特征 根源特質(zhì) 表面特性 A 樂群性 ReservedOutgoing B 聰慧性 Less intelligent More intelligent C 穩(wěn)定性 Affected by feelingsEmotionally stable E 恃強性 Submissive Dominant F 興奮性 SeriousHappygolucky G 有恒性 Expedient Conscientious H 敢為性 TimidVenturesome I 敏感性 Toughminded Sensitive L 懷疑性 TrustingSuspicious M 幻想性 PracticalImaginative N 世故性 ForthrightShrewd O 憂慮性 SelfassuredApprehensive Q1 實驗性 ConservativeExperimenting Q2 獨立性 GroupdependentSelfsufficient Q3 自律性 UncontrolledControlled Q4 緊張性 RelaxedTense 16PF與不同職業(yè)者的個性模式 職業(yè)類型 營銷管理人員 人事管理人員 財務 人員 16PF 個性 特征 高樂群性 高穩(wěn)定性 低樂群性 高穩(wěn)定性 高有恒性 高有恒性 高興奮性 高自律性 高敏感性 高敢為性 低懷疑性 高獨立性 低憂慮性 低幻想性 低敢為性 低緊張性 低實驗性 低憂慮性 BIG FIVE 大五因素人格結(jié)構 ? Extroversion: Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive （外向：外在的行為表現(xiàn) ） ? Agreeableness: Trusting, good natured, cooperative, soft hearted （愉悅、協(xié)同相容：與人的交往、人際關系的特點） ? Conscientiousness: Dependable, responsible, achievement oriented, persistent （責任意識性：對待工作、對待事物的態(tài)度） ? Emotional stability: Relaxed, secure, unworried （情緒穩(wěn)定性） ? Openness to experience: Intellectual, imaginative, curious, broad minded （開放性） 中國人的 人格結(jié)構 能力 志趣水平 外在表現(xiàn) 道德品質(zhì) Big Five Low Scorers Lone Quiet Passive Reserved High Scorers Joiner Talkative Active Affectionate Extroversion Agreeableness Suspicious Critical Ruthless Irritable Conscientiousness Negligent Lazy Disanized Late Trusting Lenient Softhearted Goodnature Conscientious Hardworking Wellanized Punctual Big Five Low Scorers Calm Eventempered Comfortable Unemotional High Scorers Worried Temperamental Selfconscious Emotional Emotional stability Openness Downtoearth Uncreative Conventional Uncurious Imaginative Creative Original Curious 大五因素的驗證 ? 與工作績效，尤其與“周邊績效”之間有重要關系； ? “外向交往因素”在經(jīng)理和銷售員樣本中具有預測效 度； ? “情緒穩(wěn)定因素”對于警察和技術工人樣本中的工作績效有一定的作用； ? “協(xié)同相容因素”在經(jīng)理和警察樣本中表現(xiàn)出效度； ? “責任意識因素”則對于所有職業(yè)的人員都具有相當?shù)念A測效度； ? 而“開放性因素”只對經(jīng)理樣本有一定作用。 MBTI: The MyersBriggs type Indicator 182。 Source: Jung’s theory of psychological types 182。 Help: ? Understand yourself,your motivations,your strengths and potential areas. ? understand and appreciate those who differ from you. ? Enhance cooperation and productivity What is the MBTI MyersBriggs Type Indicator The MyersBriggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a selfreport questionnaire designed to make Jung‘s theory of psychological types understandable and useful in everyday life. MBTI results describe valuable differences between normal,healthy peopledifferences that can be the source of much misunderstanding and mismunication Jung‘s Psychological Type 容格的心理類型論 Your Mental Processes (精神活動過程） 感知 Perceiving 直覺 Intuition 感覺 Sensing 情感 Feeling 思考 Thinking 判斷 Judging 外向 Extraversion 內(nèi)向 Introversion Dimensions of Jung‘s Psychological Type 容格心理類型的維度 Does the person‘s interest flow mainly to the EXTROVERSION INTROVERSION Does the person prefer to perceive SENSING INTUITION THINKING FEELING Does the person prefer to live JUDGMENT PERCEPTION E S T J I N F P Does the person prefer to make judgments or decisions Where do you prefer to focus you attention?The EI scale E :Extraversion ? Attuned to external environment ? Prefer to municate by talking ? Learn best through doing or discussing ? Breath of interests ? Tend to speak first,reflect later