【正文】 e explosion of a firetube boiler in a shoe factory in Brockton, Massachusetts, killed 58 people, injured 117 others, and did $ 400000 in property 1906, another explosion in a shoe factory in Lynn, Massachusetts, resulted in death, injury, and extensive property this accident, the Massachusetts governor directed the formation of a Board of Boiler first set of rules for the design and construction of boilers was approved in Massachusetts on August 30, code was three pages 1911, Colonel , the president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, established a mittee to write a set of rules for the design and construction of boilers and pressure February 13, 1915, the first ASME Boiler Code was was entitled “Boiler Construction Code, 1914 Edition.” This was the beginning of the various sections of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, which ultimately became Section 1, Power first ASME Code for pressure vessels was issued as “Rules for the Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels, ” Section Ⅷ, 1925 rules applied to vessels over 6 diameter, volume over ft3, and pressure over 30 December 1931, a Joint APIASME Committee was formed to develop an unfired pressure vessel code for the petroleum first edition was issued in the next 17 years, two separated unfired pressure vessel codes 1951, the last APIASME Code was issued as a separated 1952, the two codes were consolidated into one codethe ASME Unfired Pressure Vessel Code,Section Ⅷ.This continued until the 1968 that time, the original code became Section Ⅷ, Division 1, Pressure Vessels, and another new part was issued, which was Section Ⅷ, Division 2, Alternative Rules for Pressure ANSI/ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is issued by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers with approval by the American National Standards Institute(ANSI)as an ANSI/ASME or more sections of the ANSI/ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel code have been established as the legal requirements in 47 states in the United States and in all provinces of , in many other countries of the world, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is used to construct boilers and pressure of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel CodeThe ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is divided into many sections, divisions, parts, and of these sections relate to a specific kind of equipment and application。others relate to specific materials and methods for application and control of equipment。Japanese Standard, Construction of Pressure Vessels, JIS B Gas Control Law, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, published by The Institution for Safety of High Pressure Gas Engineering , Tokyo, Pressure Vessel Code, National Association for bustion Control(ANCC), Milan, for Good Practice for the Construction of Pressure Vessels, Belgian Standard Institute(IBN), Brussels, Pressure Vessel Code, Tryckkarls Kommissioner, the Swedish Pressure Vessel Commission, Stockholm, Sweden.(Selected from : and , Structural Analysis and Design of Process Equipment, John Wiley amp。1865年4月27日發(fā)生在密西西比河上的一艘名為Sultana的輪船的火管鍋爐爆炸事故，導(dǎo)致輪船在20分鐘內(nèi)沉沒，船上載著的1500名從內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中準(zhǔn)備回家的士兵死亡。1905年在馬薩諸塞州的布羅克頓的一家鞋廠發(fā)生了一起嚴(yán)重的火管鍋爐爆炸事故，造成58人死亡，117人受傷以及大約40萬美元的損失。這起事故后，馬薩諸塞州州長牽頭成立了鍋爐規(guī)范委員會。這部法律有3頁。1915年2月13日，首部ASME鍋爐法規(guī)正式頒布。這部法規(guī)是繁雜的ASME鍋爐與壓力容器法規(guī)的開端，最終成為第一部分《動力鍋爐》。3這部規(guī)范適用于直徑超過6英寸、壓力超過30帕的容器。最初的版本出現(xiàn)在1934年。1951年，最后一部獨立的APIASME規(guī)范得以頒布。這部規(guī)范一直沿用到1968版本出現(xiàn)。ANSI/ASME鍋爐和壓力容器規(guī)范是美國機(jī)械工程學(xué)會在美國國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)委員會(ANSI)的支持下作為ANSI/ASME文件頒布的。同樣，在世界上許多其他國家，這部規(guī)范也被用來作為鍋爐和壓力容器建造的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。其中的一些是關(guān)于特種設(shè)備的。以下的章節(jié)是關(guān)于鍋爐和壓力容器的設(shè)計和建造的第一章 動力鍋爐（1卷）第三章第一節(jié)核動力設(shè)備的組成（7卷）第二節(jié)混凝土反應(yīng)容器及其防漏（1卷）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)容器《案例1 升溫裝置中的部件》（在核規(guī)范N47案例書中）第四章 加熱鍋爐（1卷）第八章第一節(jié)壓力容器（1卷）第二節(jié) 壓力容器的替代規(guī)范（1卷）第十章 玻璃纖維加強(qiáng)塑料容器（1卷）每過三年的7月1日就會頒布一部新的ASME鍋爐和壓力容器規(guī)范，每六個月，即1月1日和7月1日就會有一部新的附錄。新的附錄在頒布之日起即可使用，并在六個月強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行。當(dāng)壓力容器的設(shè)計、制造、安裝都在不同的國家時往往會出現(xiàn)問題。以下是在不同國家使用的不同規(guī)范的部分摘要：澳大利亞澳大利亞鍋爐與壓力容器標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，SAA鍋爐標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（AS1200系列）：AS1210，非火加熱類壓力容器和分類1H，改進(jìn)后的設(shè)計與制造壓力容器，澳大利亞協(xié)會標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。英國《》，英國倫敦市英國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)會。意大利《意大利壓力容器規(guī)范》，意大利米蘭市國家燃燒控制協(xié)會（ANCC）。瑞典《瑞典壓力容器規(guī)范》，瑞典斯德哥爾摩市瑞典壓力容器委員會。The lower heating value is defined here as the higher heating value(HHV)minus the energy necessary to evaporate the water that is created by the bustion of the hydrogen in the fuel and minus the energy needed to evaporate the moisture that was already part of the fuel before value熱值Evaporate [?39。p?ret]……蒸發(fā)；使……脫水；使……消失，揮發(fā)；消失，失蹤C(jī)ombustion [k?m39。m??st??] ；濕度；潮濕；降雨量低熱值在這里定義為高熱值減去使水分蒸發(fā)所需要的能量，這些能量包括使燃料中的氫燃燒產(chǎn)生的水分蒸發(fā)所必需的能量和使燃料燃燒前所含有的水分蒸發(fā)所需要的能量。biomass [‘ba??(?)m230。sifi39。In developing countries like Ghana where solid waste disposal is increasingly an environmental burden with its attendant health hazards, the idea of converting the organic fraction of municipal solid waste into energy for the national grid is a wele proposition towards reducing volumes of domestic waste to be disposed of or —；burden—；attendant—隨員、伴隨的；hazard—；convert—；organic fraction—有機(jī)部分；municipal—市政的；the national grid—國家電網(wǎng)；proposition—提議volumes of—大量的；在像加納這樣的發(fā)展中國家中，因為伴隨著健康危害，固體垃圾處理正日益成為環(huán)境負(fù)擔(dān)，而把城市生活垃圾轉(zhuǎn)換成電能并輸送到國家電網(wǎng)中的想法，對于減少將被處理或填埋的大量的生活垃圾來說，是一個不錯的提議。Thus, a bined cycle plant can be designed that uses the hot flue gases produced from organic waste bustion to generate steam and gasify liquid methane in stages to turn a steam turbine and a gas turbine respectively , and the flue gases, cooled down, can be used to predry the organic waste in a cycle for use as fuel to increase the efficiency of the —；turbine—渦輪機(jī)；因此，一個聯(lián)合循環(huán)電廠可以被設(shè)計成這樣：使用有機(jī)垃圾燃燒產(chǎn)生的熱煙氣分步地去生產(chǎn)蒸汽去轉(zhuǎn)動蒸汽輪機(jī)和氣化液態(tài)甲烷去轉(zhuǎn)動燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)，然后被冷卻下來的煙氣可作為燃料循環(huán)地用于預(yù)熱有機(jī)垃圾以提高電廠的效率。王局長：Hydrogen production from biomass can contribute not only to largescale development and utilization of renewable energy, improve energy structure and reduce pollution as well as to meet people39。Biomass gasification in supercritical water(SCW超臨界水)is a promising technology for Hydrogen production from biomass, which is based on the special physical and chemical properties of water near the critical point.第三篇：過程裝備與控制工程專業(yè)專業(yè)英語翻譯9Reading Material 9Heat Treatment of Steel