【正文】 sure Vessels. The ANSI/ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is issued by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers with approval by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as an ANSI/ASME document. One or more sections of the ANSI/ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel code have been established as the legal requirements in 47 states in the United States and in all provinces of Canada. Also, in many other countries of the world, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is used to construct boilers and pressure vessels. Organization of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is divided into many sections, divisions, parts, and subparts. Some of these sections relate to a specific kind of equipment and application。 others relate to specific materials and methods for application and control of equipment。 Japanese Standard, Construction of Pressure Vessels, JIS B Gas Control Law, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, published by The Institution for Safety of High Pressure Gas Engineering , Tokyo, Japan. Italy Italian Pressure Vessel Code, National Association for bustion Control (ANCC), Milan, Italy. Belgium Code for Good Practice for the Construction of Pressure Vessels, Belgian Standard Institute (IBN), Brussels, Belgium. Sweden Swedish Pressure Vessel Code, Tryckkarls Kommissioner, the Swedish Pressure Vessel Commission, Stockholm, Sweden. 壓力容器規(guī)范 美國壓力容器規(guī)范的歷史 從 19世紀(jì)末到 20世紀(jì)初，鍋爐和壓力容器的爆炸是常有發(fā)生。這種災(zāi)難在二十世紀(jì)初仍未減少。 1906 年，馬塞諸塞州林恩市的一家制鞋廠里的另一次爆炸，造成死亡，受傷和大量財(cái)產(chǎn)損失。 1907年 8月 30日，設(shè)計(jì)和建造鍋爐的第一套規(guī)范在馬塞諸塞州得到批準(zhǔn)。 1911年，美國機(jī)械工程師學(xué)會(huì)主席 Colonel E. D. Meier成立了一個(gè)委員會(huì)，專門起草鍋爐和壓力容器設(shè)計(jì)和建造的規(guī)范。它被提名為《鍋爐建造規(guī)范： 1914版》。 第一個(gè)壓力容器的規(guī)范 ASME，是以 1925版第 VIII篇 ―不用火加熱壓力容器的建造規(guī)則 ‖的名稱頒布的。 1931 年 12 月，為了發(fā)展適合于石油工業(yè)不用火加熱的容器規(guī)范，專門成立了 API——ASME 聯(lián)合委員會(huì)。在隨后的 17 年時(shí)間里，存在兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的不用火加熱容器規(guī)范。 1952年，兩個(gè)規(guī)范合并成一個(gè)規(guī)范 ——〈 ASME不用火加熱壓力容器規(guī)范〉 （第 VIII篇）。那時(shí)，原來的規(guī)范變?yōu)榈谝环制秹毫θ萜鳌罚ǖ?VIII 篇），第二分篇《壓力容器另一規(guī)則》（第 VIII篇）作為另外新的部分被頒布。 ASNI/ASME鍋爐和壓力容器規(guī)范的一篇或多篇，已經(jīng)在美國的 47 個(gè)州和加拿大的所有省中，以法律的形式確立。 ASME 鍋 爐和壓力容器規(guī)范的組成 ASME 鍋爐和壓力容器規(guī)范分成許多篇，分篇，部分和輔助部分。下面各篇特別涉及鍋爐和壓力容器個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)和建造。新版規(guī)范一問世，就成為強(qiáng)制的規(guī)范。 世界壓力容器規(guī)范 除了在全世界使用的 ASME鍋爐和壓力容器規(guī)范外，許多不同的壓力容器規(guī)范，已經(jīng)在不同的國家得到法律上的采納。由于這種世界范圍的建造的存在，這種案例是經(jīng)常有的。 法國 〈〈不用火加熱壓力容器建造規(guī)范計(jì)算規(guī)則〉〉，法國巴黎市 SNCT結(jié)構(gòu)。 日本 〈〈日本壓力容器規(guī)范〉〉，勞動(dòng)部，制定），日本東京市日本鍋爐協(xié)會(huì)出版； JISB8243〈〈日本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)〉〉，〈〈壓力容器建造〉〉，日本東京市日本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)會(huì)出版；〈〈日本高壓氣體控制法〉〉，國際貿(mào)易與產(chǎn)業(yè)部（制定），日本東京高壓氣體工程安全協(xié)會(huì)出版。 比利時(shí) 〈 壓力容器構(gòu)造可靠實(shí)踐規(guī)范〉〉，比利時(shí)布魯塞爾市比利時(shí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)會(huì)（ IBN）。 Reading Material 17 Stress Categories The various possible modes of failure which confront the pressure vessel designer are: (1) Excessive elastic deformation including elastic instability. (2) Excessive plastic deformation. (3) Brittle fracture. (4) Stress rupture/creep deformation (inelastic). (5) Plastic instabilityincremental collapse. (6) High strainlow cycle fatigue. (7) Stress corrosion. (8) Corrosion fatigue. In dealing with these various modes of failure, we assume that the designer has at his disposal a picture of the state of stress within the part in question. This would be obtained either through calculation or measurements of the both mechanical and thermal stresses which could occur throughout the entire vessel during transient and steady state operations. The question one must ask is what do these numbers mean in relation to the adequacy of the design? Will they insure safe and satisfactory performance of a ponent? It is against these various failure modes that the pressure vessel designer must pare and interpret stress values. For example, elastic deformation and elastic instability (buckling) cannot be controlled by imposing upper limits to the calculated stress alone. One must consider, in addition, the geometry and stiffness of a ponent as well as properties of the material. The plastic deformation mode of failure can, on the other hand, be controlled by imposing limits on calculated stresses, but unlike the fatigue and stress corrosion modes of failure, peak stress does not tell the whole story. Careful consideration must be given to the consequences of yielding, and therefore the type of loading and the distribution of stress resulting therefrom must be carefully studied. The designer must consider, in addition to setting limits for allowable stress, some adequate and proper failure theory in order to define how the various stresses in a ponent react and contribute to the strength of that part. As mentioned previously, different types of stress require different limits, and before establishing these limits it was necessary to choose the stress categories to which limits should be applied. The categories and subcategories chosen were as follows: A. Primary Stress. (a) General primary membrane stress. (b) Local primary membrane stress. (c) Primary bending st