【正文】 mpered between 205176。王局長：Hydrogen production from biomass can contribute not only to largescale development and utilization of renewable energy, improve energy structure and reduce pollution as well as to meet people39。Thus, a bined cycle plant can be designed that uses the hot flue gases produced from organic waste bustion to generate steam and gasify liquid methane in stages to turn a steam turbine and a gas turbine respectively , and the flue gases, cooled down, can be used to predry the organic waste in a cycle for use as fuel to increase the efficiency of the —；turbine—渦輪機；因此，一個聯(lián)合循環(huán)電廠可以被設(shè)計成這樣：使用有機垃圾燃燒產(chǎn)生的熱煙氣分步地去生產(chǎn)蒸汽去轉(zhuǎn)動蒸汽輪機和氣化液態(tài)甲烷去轉(zhuǎn)動燃?xì)廨啓C，然后被冷卻下來的煙氣可作為燃料循環(huán)地用于預(yù)熱有機垃圾以提高電廠的效率。In developing countries like Ghana where solid waste disposal is increasingly an environmental burden with its attendant health hazards, the idea of converting the organic fraction of municipal solid waste into energy for the national grid is a wele proposition towards reducing volumes of domestic waste to be disposed of or —；burden—；attendant—隨員、伴隨的；hazard—；convert—；organic fraction—有機部分；municipal—市政的；the national grid—國家電網(wǎng)；proposition—提議volumes of—大量的；在像加納這樣的發(fā)展中國家中，因為伴隨著健康危害，固體垃圾處理正日益成為環(huán)境負(fù)擔(dān)，而把城市生活垃圾轉(zhuǎn)換成電能并輸送到國家電網(wǎng)中的想法，對于減少將被處理或填埋的大量的生活垃圾來說，是一個不錯的提議。sifi39。biomass [‘ba??(?)m230。m??st??] ；濕度；潮濕；降雨量低熱值在這里定義為高熱值減去使水分蒸發(fā)所需要的能量，這些能量包括使燃料中的氫燃燒產(chǎn)生的水分蒸發(fā)所必需的能量和使燃料燃燒前所含有的水分蒸發(fā)所需要的能量。p?ret]……蒸發(fā)；使……脫水；使……消失，揮發(fā)；消失，失蹤Combustion [k?m39。The lower heating value is defined here as the higher heating value(HHV)minus the energy necessary to evaporate the water that is created by the bustion of the hydrogen in the fuel and minus the energy needed to evaporate the moisture that was already part of the fuel before value熱值Evaporate [?39。kP的值是系統(tǒng)的幾何學(xué)和流體速度與性質(zhì)的函數(shù)，跟系數(shù)h一樣。推動力是流體中在相邊界（一個固體表面或液體表面）和某個任意規(guī)定的點之間的濃度差。這會引起嚴(yán)重的污染問題，因為物質(zhì)以分子形式的擴散比以渦流形式的擴散傳遞得更慢。渦流引起混合并使煙塵傳遞到周圍的空氣中。實際上，傳熱和傳質(zhì)之間的類似是如此簡單以致于經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)前者的方程經(jīng)過稍微改變符號就適用于后者了。后者的數(shù)量與混合時間長短有關(guān)系。正如動量和能量一樣，質(zhì)量同樣可以通過限定的流體部分的運動來傳遞。固體中的擴散在冶金操作中非常重要。分子擴散同樣發(fā)生在液體和固體中。以上論述只是應(yīng)用了相似和定性的方法。類似地，如果有穿過平面方向上的速度梯度（該速度有別于隨機速度），速度分布將趨向一致，這是分子隨機混合的結(jié)果。如果沒有抵消作用，則混合物的濃度將趨向相同。因此，在一個存在濃度梯度的系統(tǒng)中，某一特定種類（把它當(dāng) 作種類A）的小部分分子，穿過平面的高濃度和低濃度兩側(cè)是相同的，該種分子將運動穿過垂直于濃度梯度的平面。穿過垂直于濃度梯度方向的一個平面（或任何其它平面），在兩個方向上都有分子擴散。分子擴散是大量分子任一運動的結(jié)果。在討論傳質(zhì)的基本原理時，我們將主要考慮雙組分混合物。則這些機理就與通過傳導(dǎo)和通過對流的熱傳遞相類似；但是，在傳質(zhì)中沒有熱傳質(zhì)的對應(yīng)物。如果管中的混合氣體是不流動的，就通過分子擴散來轉(zhuǎn)移。例如，如果在一個相對干燥的房間里，放置一個底部帶有水的開口試管中，水蒸氣將通過試管中的空氣柱擴散出來。其他重要的運用是在冶金過程，高速飛行的問題，廢物處理和控制污染過程。動量和熱量轉(zhuǎn)換定理通常被運用于工程的各個分支。在產(chǎn)品的準(zhǔn)備，化學(xué)反應(yīng)的發(fā)生和最終產(chǎn)品的分離。there is, however, no counterpart in mass transfer for thermal 傳質(zhì)原理一些最典型的化學(xué)工程問題存在于質(zhì)量轉(zhuǎn)移領(lǐng)域。第一篇：過程裝備與控制工程專業(yè)英語翻譯13Reading Material 13Principles of Mass Transfer RemarksSome of the most typical chemical engineering problems lie in the field of mass distinguishing mark of chemical engineer is his ability to design and operate equipment in products is prepared, chemical reactions take place, and separations of the resulting products are ability rests largely on a proficiency in the science of mass of the principles of momentum and heat transfer are mon in many branches of engineering, but the application of mass transfer has traditionally been largely limited to chemical important applications occur in metallurgical processes, in problems of highspeed flight, and in waste treatment and pollutioncontrol diffusion is apparent in thedissipation of smoke from a causes mixing and transfer of the smoke to the surrounding certain locations where atmospheric turbulence is lacking, smoke originating at the surface of the earth is dissipated largely by molecular cause serious pollution problems because mass is transferred less rapidly by molecular diffusion than by eddy MassTransfer CoefficientsIn the study of heat transfer we found that the solution of the differential energy balance was sometimes cumbersome or impossible, and it was convenient to express the rate of heat flow in q=h(tstm)Aterms of a convective heattransfer coefficient by an equation likeThe analogous situation in mass transfer is handled by an equation of formNA=kP(rAsrAm)The mass flux NA is measured relative to a set of axes fixed in driving force is the difference between the conversation at the phase boundary(a solid surface or a fluid interface)and the concentration at some arbitrarily defined point in the fluid convective coefficient kPmay apply to forced or natural converction。there are no masstransfer counterparts for boiling, condensation, or radiation heattransfer coefficients,the value of kP is a function of the geometry of the system and the velocity and properties of the fluid, just as was the coefficient DiffusionJust as momentum and energy can be transferred by the motion of finite parcels of fluid, so mass can be have seen that the rate of these transfer operations, caused by bulk mixing in a fluid, can be expressed in terms of the eddy kinematics viscosity, the eddy thermal diffusivity, and the eddy latter quantity can be related to a mixing length which is the same as that defined in connection with momentum and energy fact, the analogy between heat and mass transfer is so straightforward that equations developed for the former are often found to apply to the latter by a mere change in the meaning of the diffusion also occurs in liquids and in an unsaturated solution dissolve,with subsequent diffusion away from the solidliquid in solids is of importance in metallurgical iron which is unsaturated with respect to carbon is heated in a bed of coke, the concentration of the carbon near the surface is increased by inward diffusion of carbon above remarks apply only in an approximate and qualitative quantitative prediction of the diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and viscosity of a gas from a knowledge of molecular properties can be quite consideration of such relations forms an important part of the subject of statistical DiffusionMolecular diffusion occurs in a gas as a result of the random motion of the motion is sometimes referre